2.  Thus the three old Oriental forms of the —­“id:i” (—­“id:S"), —­“id:l” (—­“id:/\”) and —­“id:r” (—­“id:P"), for which as apt to be confounded with the forms of the —­“id:s”, —­“id:g”, and —­“id:p” the signs —­“id:I”) —­“id:L” —­“id:R”) were early proposed to be substituted, remained either in exclusive or in very preponderant use among the Achaean colonies, while the other Greeks of Italy and Sicily without distinction of race used exclusively or at any rate chiefly the more recent forms.

3.  E. g. the inscription on an earthen vase of Cumae runs thus:——­Tataies emi lequthos Fos d’ an me klephsei thuphlos estai—.

4.  Among Greek writers this Tyrrhene legend of Odysseus makes its earliest appearance in the Theogony of Hesiod, in one of its more recent sections, and thereafter in authors of the period shortly before Alexander, Ephorus (from whom the so-called Scymnus drew his materials), and the writer known as Scylax.  The first of these sources belongs to an age when Italy was still regarded by the Greeks as a group of islands, and is certainly therefore very old; so that the origin of these legends may, on the whole, be confidently placed in the regal period of Rome.

5.  I. X. Phoenicians in Italy, I. X. Relations of the Western Italians to the Greeks

6.  I. X. Relations of Italy with Other Lands

7.  I. X. Phoenicians in Italy

8.  The Phoenician name was Karthada; the Greek, Karchedon; the Roman, Cartago.

9.  The name -Afri-, already current in the days of Ennius and Cato (comp. -Scipio Africanus-), is certainly not Greek, and is most probably cognate with that of the Hebrews.

10.  The adjective -Sarranus- was from early times applied by the Romans to the Tyrian purple and the Tyrian flute; and -Sarranus-was in use also as a surname, at least from the time of the war with Hannibal. -Sarra-, which occurs in Ennius and Plautus as the name of the city, was perhaps formed from -Sarranus-, not directly from the native name -Sor-.  The Greek form, -Tyrus-, -Tyrius-, seems not to occur in any Roman author anterior to Afranius (ap.  Fest. p. 355 M.).  Compare Movers, Phon. ii. x, 174.

CHAPTER XI

Law and Justice

Modern Character of Italian Culture

History, as such, cannot reproduce the life of a people in the infinite variety of its details; it must be content with exhibiting the development of that life as a whole.  The doings and dealings, the thoughts and imaginings of the individual, however strongly they may reflect the characteristics of the national mind, form no part of history.  Nevertheless it seems necessary to make some attempt to indicate—­only in the most general outlines—­the features of individual life in the case of those earlier ages which are, so far as history is concerned, all but