[Footnote 1:  In proof of the existence of such a faction, an appeal has been made to a letter from Lord Spencer to his wife.—­Sidney Papers, ii. 667.  Whether the cipher 243 is correctly rendered “papists,” I know not.  It is not unlikely that Lord Spencer may have been in the habit of applying the term to the party supposed to possess the royal confidence, of which party he was the professed adversary.  But when it became at last necessary to point out the heads of this popish faction, it appeared that, with one exception, they were Protestants—­the earls of Bristol, Cumberland, Newcastle, Carnarvon, and Rivers, secretary Nicholas, Endymion Porter, Edward Hyde, the duke of Richmond, and the viscounts Newark and Falkland.—­Rushworth, v. 16.  May, 163.  Colonel Endymion Porter was a Catholic.—­Also Baillie, i. 416, 430; ii. 75.]

[Footnote 2:  Rushworth, iv. 772; v. 49, 50, 80.  Clarendon, ii. 41.  On September 23, 1642, Charles wrote from Shrewsbury, to the earl of Newcastle:  “This rebellion is growen to that height, that I must not looke to what opinion men are, who at this tyme are willing and able to serve me.  Therefore I doe not only permit, but command you, to make use of all my loving subjects’ services, without examining ther contienses (more than there loyalty to me) as you shall fynde most to conduce to the upholding of my just regall power.”—­Ellis, iii. 291.]

[Sidenote a:  A.D. 1642 August 10.]

so they trusted to their wisdom for the present defence of their liberties.  Nor was this the only motive; to political must be added religious enthusiasm.  The opponents of episcopacy, under the self-given denomination of the godly, sought to distinguish themselves by the real or affected severity of their morals; they looked down with contempt on all others, as men of dissolute or irreligious habits; and many among them, in the belief that the reformed religion was in danger, deemed it a conscientious duty to risk their lives and fortunes in the quarrel.[1] Thus were brought into collision some of the most powerful motives which can agitate the human breast,—­loyalty, and liberty, and religion; the conflict elevated the minds of the combatants above their ordinary level, and in many instances produced a spirit of heroism, and self-devoted-ness, and endurance, which demands our admiration and sympathy.  Both parties soon distinguished their adversaries by particular appellations.  The royalists were denominated Cavaliers; a word which, though applied to them at first in allusion to their quality, soon lost its original acceptation, and was taken to be synonymous with papist, atheist, and voluptuary; and they on their part gave to their enemies the name of Roundheads, because they cropped their hair short, dividing “it into so many little peaks as was something ridiculous to behold."[2]

Each army in its composition resembled the other.  Commissions were given, not to persons the most fit to