irons.  The English were surprised at the silence and desolation which reigned around them; for the only human beings whom they met on their march through this wilderness, were a few old women and children who on their knees solicited mercy.  But Cromwell conducted them by the sea coast; the fleet daily supplied them with provisions, and their good conduct gradually dispelled the apprehensions of the natives.[1] They found[a] the Scottish levies posted behind a deep intrenchment, running from Edinburgh to Leith, fortified with numerous batteries, and flanked by the cannon of the castle at one extremity, and of the harbour at the other.  Cromwell employed all his art to provoke Leslie to avoid an engagement.  It was in vain that for more than a month the former marched and countermarched; that he threatened general, and made partial, attacks.  Leslie remained fixed within his lines; or, if he occasionally moved,

[Footnote 1:  Whitelock, 465, 466, 468.  Perfect Diurnal, No. 324.  See the three declarations:  that of the parliament on the marching of the army; of the army itself, addressed “to all that are saints and partakers of the faith of God’s elect in Scotland;” and, the third, from Cromwell, dated at Berwick, in the Parliamentary History, xix. 276, 298, 310; King’s Pamphlets, 473.]

[Sidenote a:  A.D. 1650.  July 28.]

watched the motions of the enemy from the nearest mountains, or interposed a river or morass between the two armies.  The English began to be exhausted with fatigue; sickness thinned their ranks; the arrival of provisions depended on the winds and waves; and Cromwell was taught to fear, not the valour of the enemy, but the prudence of their general.[1]

The reader will already have observed how much at this period the exercises of religion were mixed up with the concerns of state and even the operations of war.  Both parties equally believed that the result of the expedition depended on the will of the Almighty, and that it was, therefore, their duty to propitiate his anger by fasting and humiliation.  In the English army the officers prayed and preached:  they “sanctified the camp,” and exhorted the men to unity of mind and godliness of life.  Among the Scots this duty was discharged by the ministers; and so fervent was their piety, so merciless their zeal, that, in addition to their prayers, they occasionally compelled the young king to listen to six long sermons on the same day, during which he assumed an air of gravity, and displayed feelings of devotion, which ill-accorded with his real disposition.  But the English had no national crime to deplore; by punishing the late king, they had atoned for the evils of the civil war; the Scots, on the contrary, had adopted his son without any real proof of his conversion, and therefore feared that they might draw down on the country the punishment due to his sins and those of his family.  It happened[a] that Charles, by the advice of the earl of Eglington, presumed to visit the army on the Links of