history in the eighteenth, ceased to have weight till Captain Mahan appeared to comment on it in the last decade of the nineteenth.  With a few masterly touches Mahan, in his brief allusion to the second Punic war, has illustrated its importance in the struggle between Rome and Carthage.  What has to be shown is that the principles which he has laid down in that case, and in cases much more modern, are true and have been true always and everywhere.  Until this is perceived there is much history which cannot be understood, and yet it is essential to our welfare as a maritime people that we should understand it thoroughly.  Our failure to understand it has more than once brought us, if not to the verge of destruction, at any rate within a short distance of serious disaster.

SEA-POWER IN ANCIENT TIMES

The high antiquity of decisive naval campaigns is amongst the most interesting features of international conflicts.  Notwithstanding the much greater frequency of land wars, the course of history has been profoundly changed more often by contests on the water.  That this has not received the notice it deserved is true, and Mahan tells us why.  ‘Historians generally,’ he says, ’have been unfamiliar with the conditions of the sea, having as to it neither special interest nor special knowledge; and the profound determining influence of maritime strength on great issues has consequently been overlooked.’  Moralising on that which might have been is admittedly a sterile process; but it is sometimes necessary to point, if only by way of illustration, to a possible alternative.  As in modern times the fate of India and the fate of North America were determined by sea-power, so also at a very remote epoch sea-power decided whether or not Hellenic colonisation was to take root in, and Hellenic culture to dominate, Central and Northern Italy as it dominated Southern Italy, where traces of it are extant to this day.  A moment’s consideration will enable us to see how different the history of the world would have been had a Hellenised city grown and prospered on the Seven Hills.  Before the Tarquins were driven out of Rome a Phocoean fleet was encountered (537 B.C.) off Corsica by a combined force of Etruscans and Phoenicians, and was so handled that the Phocoeans abandoned the island and settled on the coast of Lucania.[14] The enterprise of their navigators had built up for the Phoenician cities and their great off-shoot Carthage, a sea-power which enabled them to gain the practical sovereignty of the sea to the west of Sardinia and Sicily.  The control of these waters was the object of prolonged and memorable struggles, for on it—­as the result showed—­depended the empire of the world.  From very remote times the consolidation and expansion, from within outwards, of great continental states have had serious consequences for mankind when they were accompanied by the acquisition of a coast-line