from the trade in that ocean, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea, had supplied the Mohammedans with the sinews of war, and had enabled them to contend with success against the Christians in Europe.  ’The main artery had been cut when the Portuguese took up the challenge of the Mohammedan merchants of Calicut, and swept their ships from the ocean.’[34] The sea-power of Portugal wisely employed had exercised a great, though unperceived, influence.  Though enfeebled and diminishing, the Turkish navy was still able to act with some effect in the seventeenth century.  Nevertheless, the sea-power of the Turks ceased to count as a factor of importance in the relations between great states.

[Footnote 33:  Seeley, BritishPolicy_, i. p. 143.]

[Footnote 34:  Whiteway, p. 2.]

In the meantime the state which had a leading share in winning the victory of Lepanto had been growing up in the West.  Before the union of its crown with that of Castile and the formation of the Spanish monarchy, Aragon had been expanding till it reached the sea.  It was united with Catalonia in the twelfth century, and it conquered Valencia in the thirteenth.  Its long line of coast opened the way to an extensive and flourishing commerce; and an enterprising navy indemnified the nation for the scantiness of its territory at home by the important foreign conquests of Sardinia, Sicily, Naples, and the Balearic Isles.  Amongst the maritime states of the Mediterranean Catalonia had been conspicuous.  She was to the Iberian Peninsula much what Phoenicia had been to Syria.  The Catalan navy had disputed the empire of the Mediterranean with the fleets of Pisa and Genoa.  The incorporation of Catalonia with Aragon added greatly to the strength of that kingdom.  The Aragonese kings were wise enough to understand and liberal enough to foster the maritime interests of their new possessions.[35] Their French and Italian neighbours were to feel, before long, the effect of this policy; and when the Spanish monarchy had been consolidated, it was felt not only by them, but by others also.  The more Spanish dominion was extended in Italy, the more were the naval resources at the command of Spain augmented.  Genoa became ’Spain’s water-gate to Italy....  Henceforth the Spanish crown found in the Dorias its admirals; their squadron was permanently hired to the kings of Spain.’  Spanish supremacy at sea was established at the expense of France.[36] The acquisition of a vast domain in the New World had greatly developed the maritime activity of Castile, and Spain was as formidable on the ocean as in the Mediterranean.  After Portugal had been annexed the naval vessels of that country were added to the Spanish, and the great port of Lisbon became available as a place of equipment and as an additional base of operations for oceanic campaigns.  The fusion of Spain and Portugal, says Seeley, ’produced a single state of unlimited maritime dominion....  Henceforth the whole New World belonged exclusively