it will spring anew from the roots in the soil, which was always genial for the tree.  Remember that no insurrection of Italians has been crushed by their own domestic tyrants without foreign aid; remember that one-third of the Austrian army which occupies Italy are Hungarians who have fought against and triumphed over the yellow-black flag of Austria—­under the same tri-colour which, having the same colours for both countries, show emblematically that Hungary and Italy are but two wings of the same army, united against a common enemy.  Remember that even now neither the Pope nor the little Princes of middle Italy can subsist without an Austrian and a French garrison; and remember that Italy is a half isle, open from three sides to the friendship of all who sympathize with civil and religious liberty on earth; but from the sea not open to Russia and Austria, because they are not maritime powers; and so long as England is conscious of the basis of its power, and so soon as America gets conscious of the condition upon which its future depends, Austria and Russia will never be allowed to become maritime powers.

And when you feel instinctively that the heart of the Roman must rage with fury when he looks back into the mirror of his past,—­that the Venetian cannot help to weep tears of fire and of blood from the Rialto;—­when you feel all this, then look back how the Romans have fought in 1849, with a heroism scarcely paralleled in the most glorious day of ancient Rome.  And let me tell, in addition, upon the certainty of my own positive knowledge, that the world never yet has seen such complete and extensive revolutionary organization as that of Italy to-day—­ready to burst out into an irresistible storm at the slightest opportunity, and powerful enough to make that opportunity, if either foreign interference is checked, or the interfering foreigners occupied at home.  The revolution of 1848 has revealed and developed the warlike spirit of Italy.  Except a few wealthy proprietors, already very uninfluential, the most singular unanimity exists, both as to aim and to means.  There is no shade of difference of opinion, either to what is to be done or how to do it.  All are unanimous in their devotion to the Union and Independence of Italy.  With France or against France, by the sword, at all sacrifices, without compromise, they are bent on renewing the battle over and over again, with the confidence that, even without aid, they will triumph in the long run.

The difficulty in Italy is not how to make a revolution, but how to prevent its untimely outbreak; and still even in that respect there is such a complete discipline as the world never yet has seen.  In Rome, Romagna, Lombardy, Venice, Sicily, and all the middle Italy, there exists an invisible government, whose influence is everywhere discernible.  It has eyes and hands in all departments of public service, in all classes of society—­it has its taxes voluntarily paid—­its organized force, its police, its newspapers regularly printed and circulated, though the possession of a single copy would send the holder to the galleys.  The officers of the existing government convey the missives of the invisible government, the diligences transport its agents.  One line from one of these agents opens to you the galleries of art, on prohibited days—­gives you the protection of uniformed officials.