[19] the conflict, authority has had great advantages.  At any time the people who really care about reason have been a small minority, and probably will be so for a long time to come.  Reason’s only weapon has been argument.  Authority has employed physical and moral violence, legal coercion and social displeasure.  Sometimes she has attempted to use the sword of her adversary, thereby wounding herself.  Indeed the weakest point in the strategical position of authority was that her champions, being human, could not help making use of reasoning processes and the result was that they were divided among themselves.  This gave reason her chance.  Operating, as it were, in the enemy’s camp and professedly in the enemy’s cause, she was preparing her own victory.

It may be objected that there is a legitimate domain for authority, consisting of doctrines which lie outside human experience and therefore cannot be proved or verified, but at the same time cannot be disproved.  Of course, any number of propositions can be invented which cannot be disproved, and it is open to any one who possesses exuberant faith to believe them; but no one will maintain that they all deserve credence so long as their falsehood is not demonstrated.  And if only some deserve credence, who, except reason,

[20] is to decide which?  If the reply is, Authority, we are confronted by the difficulty that many beliefs backed by authority have been finally disproved and are universally abandoned.  Yet some people speak as if we were not justified in rejecting a theological doctrine unless we can prove it false.  But the burden of proof does not lie upon the rejecter.  I remember a conversation in which, when some disrespectful remark was made about hell, a loyal friend of that establishment said triumphantly, “But, absurd as it may seem, you cannot disprove it.”  If you were told that in a certain planet revolving round Sirius there is a race of donkeys who talk the English language and spend their time in discussing eugenics, you could not disprove the statement, but would it, on that account, have any claim to be believed?  Some minds would be prepared to accept it, if it were reiterated often enough, through the potent force of suggestion.  This force, exercised largely by emphatic repetition (the theoretical basis, as has been observed, of the modern practice of advertising), has played a great part in establishing authoritative opinions and propagating religious creeds.  Reason fortunately is able to avail herself of the same help.

The following sketch is confined to Western

[21] civilization.  It begins with Greece and attempts to indicate the chief phases.  It is the merest introduction to a vast and intricate subject, which, treated adequately, would involve not only the history of religion, of the Churches, of heresies, of persecution, but also the history of philosophy, of the natural sciences and of political theories.  From the sixteenth century to the French Revolution