The transports with troops were assembled in the harbor of Anton Lizardo, some sixteen miles south of Vera Cruz, as they arrived, and there awaited the remainder of the fleet, bringing artillery, ammunition and supplies of all kinds from the North.  With the fleet there was a little steam propeller dispatch-boat—­the first vessel of the kind I had ever seen, and probably the first of its kind ever seen by any one then with the army.  At that day ocean steamers were rare, and what there were were sidewheelers.  This little vessel, going through the fleet so fast, so noiselessly and with its propeller under water out of view, attracted a great deal of attention.  I recollect that Lieutenant Sidney Smith, of the 4th infantry, by whom I happened to be standing on the deck of a vessel when this propeller was passing, exclaimed, “Why, the thing looks as if it was propelled by the force of circumstances.”

Finally on the 7th of March, 1847, the little army of ten or twelve thousand men, given Scott to invade a country with a population of seven or eight millions, a mountainous country affording the greatest possible natural advantages for defence, was all assembled and ready to commence the perilous task of landing from vessels lying in the open sea.

The debarkation took place inside of the little island of Sacrificios, some three miles south of Vera Cruz.  The vessels could not get anywhere near shore, so that everything had to be landed in lighters or surf-boats; General Scott had provided these before leaving the North.  The breakers were sometimes high, so that the landing was tedious.  The men were got ashore rapidly, because they could wade when they came to shallow water; but the camp and garrison equipage, provisions, ammunition and all stores had to be protected from the salt water, and therefore their landing took several days.  The Mexicans were very kind to us, however, and threw no obstacles in the way of our landing except an occasional shot from their nearest fort.  During the debarkation one shot took off the head of Major Albertis.  No other, I believe, reached anywhere near the same distance.  On the 9th of March the troops were landed and the investment of Vera Cruz, from the Gulf of Mexico south of the city to the Gulf again on the north, was soon and easily effected.  The landing of stores was continued until everything was got ashore.

Vera Cruz, at the time of which I write and up to 1880, was a walled city.  The wall extended from the water’s edge south of the town to the water again on the north.  There were fortifications at intervals along the line and at the angles.  In front of the city, and on an island half a mile out in the Gulf, stands San Juan de Ulloa, an enclosed fortification of large dimensions and great strength for that period.  Against artillery of the present day the land forts and walls would prove elements of weakness rather than strength.  After the invading army had established their camps out of range of the