[Footnote 1:  e.g. Russia has a representative government in this sense, though she is without “representative institutions” in the democratic sense.]

[Footnote 2:  Round Table, Sept. 1914, p. 628.]

It may be so; it may be that the Germany of Goethe, Schiller, and Beethoven has been absorbed by the Germany of Bismarck, Moltke, and Roon; but it must not be forgotten at the same time that, since their day, yet another Germany has come into being, the Germany of Marx, Engels, and Bebel, a Germany which is represented by more than a third of the voters in the Empire.  The old line of cleavage had barely closed up when a new and much more fundamental schism appeared in the State, that between imperialism and social democracy.  The existence of this tremendous revolutionary force in Germany, determined to overthrow the militarist regime of Prussia and to re-establish the State on a democratic basis, is an unanswerable proof that the government of the Empire is not in any true sense representative.  Prussia has in this direction also impeded the development of the national idea and given mechanical unity at the expense of spiritual unity.  It has created a vast political party of irreconcilables in the country, men who have been led to feel that they have neither part nor promise in the national life, and who therefore elect to stand outside it.  “Our Social Democratic party,” writes von Buelow, “lacks a national basis.  It will have nothing to do with German patriotic memories which bear a monarchical and military character.  It is not like the French and Italian parties, a precipitate of the process of national historical development, but since its beginning it has been in determined opposition to our past history as a nation.  It has placed itself outside our national life."[1] And again:  “In the German Empire, Prussia is the leading State.  The Social Democratic party is the antithesis of the Prussian state."[2] Nevertheless, the Imperial Government, not finding it possible to suppress the social democrats, does its best to employ them for its own ends.  It uses them in fact as it uses irreconcilable France, namely, for the purpose of terrorisation, since it has discovered that the spectre of socialism is as effective to keep the middle classes loyal as the spectre of French revenge is to keep the Southern States loyal.  But it also hopes in time to eradicate socialism from the State.  “A vigorous national policy” Prince von Buelow declares to be “the true remedy against the Social Democratic Movement”; and though he makes no specific mention of war, it is obvious that a war like that in which Germany is at present engaged is the most vigorous form a national policy could possibly take.  Was the outbreak of war last August in part occasioned by the desire on the side of the German Government to win over the workers of Germany?  If so, it had yet another spectre ready to its hand for the purpose—­the spectre of Russia.