It is important to bear in mind all these lessons that Wagner learned from his predecessors, as it helps to explain the enormous influence he exerted on his contemporaries.  Wonderful as was the power and originality of his genius, even he could not have achieved such results had he not had truth on his side,—­truth, as hinted at, in moments of inspiration, by many of his predecessors.

Wagner was most shamefully misrepresented by his enemies during his lifetime.  A thousand times they wrote unblushingly that he despised and abused the great masters, whereas in truth no one ever spoke of them more enthusiastically than he, or was more eager to learn of them, though, to be sure, he was honest and courageous enough also to call attention to their shortcomings.  In all his autobiographic writings there is not a more luminous passage than the following, in which he relates his experiences as conductor at the Riga Opera in 1838, when he was at work on “Rienzi":—­

“The peculiar gnawing melancholy which habitually overpowered me when I conducted one of our ordinary operas was interrupted by an inexpressible, enthusiastic delight, when, here and there, during the performance of nobler works, I became conscious of the incomparable effects that can be produced by musico-dramatic combinations on the stage,—­effects of a depth, sincerity, and direct realistic vivacity, such as no other art can produce.  I felt quite elated and ennobled during the time that I was rehearsing Mehul’s enchanting ‘Joseph’ with my little opera company.”  “Such impressions,” he continues, “like flashes of lightning” revealed to him “unsuspected possibilities.”  It was by utilizing these “possibilities” and hints, and at the same time avoiding the errors and blemishes of his predecessors, that his superlative genius was enabled to create such unapproachable masterworks as “Siegfried” and “Tristan and Isolde.”

The way up to those peaks was, however, slow and toilsome.  For years he groped in darkness, and light came but gradually.  It has already been intimated that his genius was slow in developing.  A brief review of his romantic career will bring out this and other interesting points.

At the time when Richard Wagner was born (May 22, 1813), Leipzig was in such a state of commotion on account of the war to liberate Germany from the Napoleonic yoke that the child’s baptism was deferred several months.  To his schooldays reference has been made already, and we may therefore pass on to the time when he tried to make his living as an operatic conductor.  Although he was then only twenty-one years old, he showed remarkable aptitude for this kind of work from the beginning, and it was through no fault of his that misfortune overtook every opera company with which he had anything to do.  The bankruptcy, in 1836, of the manager of the Magdeburg Opera, affected him most disastrously, for it came at the moment when he had arranged for the first performance of an opera