On the 25th arrived Sir Edward Pakenham, brother-in-law of Wellington and an able soldier, to take command, and on the 28th the British attacked the extemporized but strong breastworks, confident of success.  But the sharp-shooters from the backwoods of Tennessee under Carroll, and from Kentucky under Coffee, who fought with every advantage, protected by their mud defences, were equally confident.  The slaughter of the British troops, utterly unprotected though brave and gallant, was terrible, and they were repulsed.  Preparations were now made for a still more vigorous, systematic, and general assault, and a force was sent across the river to menace the city from that side.

On the 8th of January the decisive battle was fought which extinguished forever all dreams of the conquest of America, on the part of the British.  General Pakenham, who commanded the advancing columns in person, was killed, and their authorities state their loss to have been two thousand killed, wounded, and missing.  The American loss was eight killed and thirteen wounded.  It was a rash presumption for the British to attack a fortified entrenchment ten feet high in some places, and ten feet thick, with detached redoubts to flank it and three thousand men behind it.  The conflict was not strictly a battle,—­not like an encounter in the open field, where the raw troops under Jackson, most of them militia, would have stood no chance with the veterans whom Wellington had led to victory and glory.

Jackson’s brilliant defence at New Orleans was admirably planned and energetically executed.  It had no effect on the war, for the treaty of peace, although not yet heard of, had been signed weeks before; but it enabled America to close the conflict with a splendid success, which offset the disasters and mistakes of the Northern campaigns.  Naturally, it was magnified into a great military exploit, and raised the fame of Jackson to such a height, all over the country, that nothing could ever afterwards weaken his popularity, no matter what he did, lawful or unlawful.  He was a victor over the Indians and over the English, and all his arbitrary acts were condoned by an admiring people who had but few military heroes to boast of.

His successes had a bad effect on Jackson himself.  He came to feel that he had a right to ride over precedents and law when it seemed to him expedient.  He set up his will against constituted authorities, and everybody who did not endorse his measures he regarded as a personal enemy, to be crushed if possible.  It was never said of him that he was unpatriotic in his intentions, only that he was wilful, vindictive, and ignorant.  From the 8th of January, 1815, to the day of his death he was the most popular man that this country ever saw,—­excepting, perhaps, Washington and Lincoln,—­the central figure in American politics, with prodigious influence even after he had finally retired from public life.  Immediately after the defence of New Orleans the legislatures of