In the infancy of the republic the foreign relations of the government were deemed more important and excited more interest than internal affairs, and in the management of foreign affairs Jefferson displayed great abilities, which Washington appreciated as much as he did the financial genius of Hamilton.  In one thing the President and his Secretary of State were in full accord,—­in keeping aloof from the labyrinth of European politics, and maintaining friendly intercourse with all nations.  With a peace policy only would commerce thrive and industries be developed, Both Washington and Jefferson were broad-minded enough to see the future greatness of the country, and embraced the most liberal views.  Hence the foreign envoys were quietly given to understand that the members of the American government were to be treated with the respect due to the representatives of a free and constantly expanding country, which in time would be as powerful as either England or France.

It was seen, moreover, that both France and England would take every possible advantage of the new republic, and would seek to retain a foothold in the unexplored territories of the Northwest, as well as to gain all they could in commercial transactions.  England especially sought to hamper our trade with the West India Islands, and treated our envoys with insolence and coldness.  The French sought to entangle the United States in their own revolution, with which most Americans sympathized until its atrocities filled them with horror and disgust.  The English impressed American seamen into their naval service without a shadow of justice or good faith.

In 1795 Jay succeeded in making a treaty with the English government, which was ratified because it was the best he could get, not because it was all that he wished.  It bore hard on the cities of the Atlantic coast that had commercial dealings with the West India Islands, and led to popular discontent, and bitter animosity towards England, finally culminating in the war of 1812.  The French were equally irritating, and unreasonable in their expectations.  The Directory in 1793 sent an arrogant and insulting envoy to the seat of government “Citizen Genet,” as he was called, tried to engage the United States in the French war against England.  Although Washington promptly proclaimed neutrality as the American policy, Genet gave no end of trouble and vexation.  This upstart paid no attention to the laws, no respect to the constituted authorities, insulted governors and cabinet-ministers alike, insisted on dealing with Congress directly instead of through the Secretary of State, issued letters of marque for privateers against English commerce, and defied the government.  He did all that he could to embroil the country in war with Great Britain; and there was a marked division of sentiment among the people,—­the new Democratic-Republican societies, in imitation of the French Jacobin clubs, being potent disseminators of