when he was one day attacked with bitterness in the House of Lords, and pronounced upon him this splendid eulogium:  “If,” said the great statesman, “I were prime minister and had the care of settling this momentous business, I should not be ashamed to call to my assistance a person so well acquainted with American affairs,—­one whom all Europe ranks with our Boyles and Newtons, as an honor, not to the English nation only, but to human nature itself.”

From this time, 1775, no one accused Franklin of partiality to England.  He was wounded and disgusted, and he now clearly saw that there could be no reconciliation between the mother-country and the Colonies,—­that differences could be settled only by the last appeal of nations.  The English government took the same view, and resorted to coercion, little dreaming of the difficulties of the task.  This is not the place to rehearse those coercive measures, or to describe the burst of patriotic enthusiasm which swept over the Colonies to meet the issue by the sword.  We must occupy ourselves with Franklin.

On his return to Philadelphia, at the age of sixty-nine, he was most cordially welcomed.  His many labors were fully appreciated, and he was immediately chosen a member of the second Continental Congress, which met on the 10th of May, 1775.  He was put on the most important committees, and elected Postmaster-General.  He was also selected as one of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence.  It does not appear that he was one of the foremost speakers.  He was no orator, but his influence was greater than that of any other one man in the Congress.  He entered heart and soul into the life-and-death struggle which drew upon it the eyes of the whole civilized world.  He was tireless in committee work; he made long journeys on the business of the Congress,—­to Montreal, to Boston, to New York; he spent the summer of 1776 as chairman of the first Constitutional Convention of the State of Pennsylvania:  on every hand his resources were in demand and were lavishly given.

It was universally felt at the beginning of the struggle that unless the Colonies should receive material aid from France, the issue of the conflict with the greatest naval and military power in Europe could not succeed.  Congress had no money, no credit, and but scanty military stores.  The Continental troops were poorly armed, clothed, and fed.  Franklin’s cool head, his knowledge, his sagacity, his wisdom, and his patriotism marked him out as the fittest man to present the cause in Europe, and in September, 1776, he was sent to France as an envoy to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce between France and the United States.  With him were joined Arthur Lee and Silas Deane, the latter having been sent some months previously in a less formal way, to secure the loan of money, ammunition, and troops.