bankers, and merchants.  The funeral of General Lamarque, a popular favorite, was made the occasion of fresh disturbances, which at one time were quite serious.  The old cry of Vive la Republique began to be heard from thousands of voices in the scenes of former insurrections.  Revolt assumed form.  A mysterious meeting was held at Lafitte’s, when the dethronement of the king was discussed.  The mob was already in possession of one of the principal quarters of the city.  The authorities were greatly alarmed, but they had taken vigorous measures.  There were eighteen thousand regular troops under arms with eighty pieces of cannon, and thirty thousand more in the environs, besides the National Guards.  What could the students of the Polytechnic School and an undisciplined mob do against these armed troops?  In vain their cries of Vive la Liberte; a bas Louis Philippe! The military school was closed, and the leading journals of the Republican party were seized.  Marshal Soult found himself on the 7th of June, 1832, at the head of sixty thousand regular troops and twenty thousand National Guards.  The insurgents, who had erected barricades, were driven back after a fierce fight at the Cloister of St. Meri.  This bloody triumph closed the insurrection.  The throne of the citizen king was saved by the courage and discipline of the regular troops under a consummate general.  The throne of Charles X. could not have stood a day in face of such an insurrection.

The next day after the defeat of the insurgents Paris was proclaimed in a state of siege, in spite of the remonstrances of all parties against it as an unnecessary act; but the king was firm and indignant, and ordered the arrest of both Democrats and Legitimists, including Garnier-Pages and Chateaubriand himself.  He made war on the Press.  During his reign of two years two hundred and eighty-one journals were seized, and fines imposed to nearly the amount of four hundred thousand francs.

The suppression of revolts in both Paris and Lyons did much to strengthen the government, and the result was an increase of public prosperity.  Capital reappeared from its hiding-places, and industry renewed its labors.  The public funds rose six per cent.  The first dawn of the welfare of the laboring classes rose on their defeat.

For his great services in establishing a firm government Marshal Soult was made prime minister, with De Broglie, Guizot, and Thiers among his associates.  The chief event which marked his administration was a war with Holland, followed by the celebrated siege of Antwerp, which the Hollanders occupied with a large body of troops.  England joined with France in this contest, which threatened to bring on a general European war; but the successful capture of the citadel of Antwerp, after a gallant defence, prevented that catastrophe.  This successful siege vastly increased the military prestige of France, and brought Belgium completely under French influence.