energy to govern at all.  But the king was equal to the emergency.  He showed courage and good sense, and preserved his throne.  At the same time, while he suppressed disorders by vigorous measures, he took care to strengthen his power.  He was in harmony with the Chamber of Deputies, composed almost entirely of rich men.  The liberal party demanded an extension of the suffrage, to which he gracefully yielded; and the number of electors was raised to one hundred and eighty thousand, but extended only to those who paid a direct tax of two hundred francs.  A bill was also passed in the Chamber of Deputies abolishing hereditary peerage, though opposed by Guizot, Thiers, and Berryer.  Of course the opposition in the upper house was great, and thirty-six new peers were created to carry the measure.

The year 1832 was marked by the ravages of the cholera, which swept away twenty thousand people in Paris alone, and among them Casimir Perier, and Cuvier the pride of the scientific world.

But Louis Philippe was not yet firmly established on his throne.  His ministers had suppressed disorders, seized two hundred journals, abolished hereditary peerage, extended the electoral suffrage, while he had married his daughter to the King of Belgium.  He now began to consolidate his power by increasing the army, seeking alliances with the different powers of Europe, bribing the Press, and enriching his subordinates.  Taxation was necessarily increased; yet renewed prosperity from the increase of industries removed discontents, which arise not from the excess of burdens, but from a sense of injustice.  Now began the millennium of shopkeepers and bankers, all of whom supported the throne.  The Chamber of Deputies granted the government all the money it wanted, which was lavishly spent in every form of corruption, and luxury again set in.  Never were the shops more brilliant, or equipages more gorgeous.  The king on his accession had removed from the palace which Cardinal Mazarin had bequeathed to Louis XIV., and took up his residence at the Tuileries; and though his own manners were plain, he surrounded himself with all the pomp of royalty, but not with the old courtiers of Charles X. Marshal Soult greatly distinguished himself in suppressing disorders, especially a second riot in Lyons.  To add to the public disorders, the Duchess of Berri made a hostile descent on France with the vain hope of restoring the elder branch of the Bourbons.  This unsuccessful movement was easily put down, and the discredited princess was arrested and imprisoned.  Meanwhile the popular discontents continued, and a fresh insurrection broke out in Paris, headed by Republican chieftains.  The Republicans were disappointed, and disliked the vigor of the government, which gave indications of a sterner rule than that of Charles X. Moreover, the laboring classes found themselves unemployed.  The government of Louis Philippe was not for them, but for the bourgeois party, shop-keepers,