to abdicate.  Lafayette now became the most popular man in France, and from him largely emanated the influences which replaced Charles X. with Louis Philippe.  He was not a man of great abilities, but was generally respected as an honest man.  He was most marked for practical sagacity and love of constitutional liberty.  The phrase, “a monarchical government surrounded with republican institutions,” is ascribed to him,—­an illogical expression, which called out the sneers of Carlyle, whose sympathies were with strong governments and with the men who can rule, and who therefore, as he thought, ought to rule.

Lafayette was doubtless played with and used by Louis Philippe, the most astute and crafty of monarchs.  Professing the greatest love and esteem for the general who had elevated him, the king was glad to get rid of him; so, too, were the Chambers,—­the former from jealousy of his popularity, and the latter from dislike of his independence and integrity.  Under Louis Philippe he held no higher position than as a member of the Chamber of Deputies.  As deputy he had always been and continued to be fearless, patriotic, and sometimes eloquent.  His speeches were clear, unimpassioned, sensible, and he was always listened to with respect.  He took great interest in the wrongs of all oppressed people; and exiles from Poland, from Spain, and from Italy found in him a generous protector.  His house was famous for its unpretending hospitalities, especially to American travellers.  He lived long enough to see the complete triumph of American institutions.  In 1824, upon a formal invitation by Congress, he revisited the United States as the guest of the nation, and received unprecedented ovations wherever he went,—­a tribute of the heart, such as only great benefactors enjoy, when envy gives place to gratitude and admiration.  A great man he was not, in the ordinary sense of greatness; yet few men will live as long as he in the national hearts of two nations, for character if not for genius, for services if not for brilliant achievements.

The first business of the new monarch in 1830 was to choose his ministers, and he selected as premier Lafitte the banker, a prominent member of the Chamber of Deputies, who had had great influence in calling him to the throne.  Lafitte belonged to the liberal party, and was next to Lafayette the most popular man in France, but superior to that statesman in intellect and executive ability.  He lived in grand style, and his palace, with its courts and gardens, was the resort of the most distinguished men in France,—­the Duke of Choiseul, Dupin, Beranger, Casimir Perier, Montalivet, the two Aragos, Guizot, Odillon Barrot, Villemain,—­politicians, artists, and men of letters.  His ministry, however, lasted less than a year.  The vast increase in the public expenditure aroused a storm of popular indignation.  The increase of taxation is always resented by the middle classes, and by this measure Lafitte lost his