The Oriental practice seems to have assigned one man to the attendance on every hawk.  This Kaempfer says was the case at the Court of Persia at the beginning of last century.  There were about 800 hawks, and each had a special keeper.  The same was the case with the Emperor Kanghi’s hawking establishment, according to Gerbillon. (Am.  Exot. p. 83; Gerb. 1st Journey, in Duhalde.)

NOTE 3.—­The French MSS. read Toscaor; the reading in the text I take from Ramusio.  It is Turki, Toskaul, [Arabic], defined as “Gardien, surveillant de la route; Waechter, Wache, Wegehueter.” (See Zenker, and Pavet de Courteille.) The word is perhaps also Mongol, for Remusat has Tosiyal = “Veille.” (Mel.  As. I. 231.) Such an example of Polo’s correctness both in the form and meaning of a Turki word is worthy of especial note, and shows how little he merits the wild and random treatment which has been often applied to the solution of like phrases in his book.

[Palladius (p. 47) says that he has heard from men well acquainted with the customs of the Mongols, that at the present day in “battues,” the leaders of the two flanks which surround the game, are called toscaul in Mongol.—­H.  C.]

NOTE 4.—­The remark in the previous note might be repeated here.  The Bularguji was an officer of the Mongol camp, whose duties are thus described by Mahomed Hindu Shah in a work on the offices of the Perso-Mongol Court.  “He is an officer appointed by the Council of State, who, at the time when the camp is struck, goes over the ground with his servants, and collects slaves of either sex, or cattle, such as horses, camels, oxen, and asses, that have been left behind, and retains them until the owners appear and prove their claim to the property, when he makes it over to them.  The Bularguji sticks up a flag by his tent or hut to enable people to find him, and so recover their lost property.” (Golden Horde, p. 245.) And in the Appendix to that work (p. 476) there is a copy of a warrant to such a Bularguji or Provost Marshal.  The derivation appears therein as from Bularghu, “Lost property.”  Here again it was impossible to give both form and meaning of the word more exactly than Polo has done.  Though Hammer writes these terminations in ji (dschi), I believe chi (tschi) is preferable.  We have this same word Bularghu in a grant of privileges to the Venetians by the Ilkhan Abusaid, 22nd December, 1320, which has been published by M. Mas Latrie:  “Item, se algun cavalo bolargo fosse trovado apreso de algun vostro veneciano,” etc.—­“If any stray horse shall be found in the possession of a Venetian,” etc. (See Bibl. de l’Ecole des Chartes, 1870—­tirage a part, p. 26.)