NOTE 3.—­The number of these festivals and distributions of dresses is thirteen in all the old texts, except the Latin of the Geog.  Soc., which has twelve.  Thirteen would seem therefore to have been in the original copy.  And the Ramusian version expands this by saying, “Thirteen great feasts that the Tartars keep with much solemnity to each of the thirteen moons of the year."[1] It is possible, however, that this latter sentence is an interpolated gloss; for, besides the improbability of munificence so frequent, Pauthier has shown some good reasons why thirteen should be regarded as an error for three.  The official History of the Mongol Dynasty, which he quotes, gives a detail of raiment distributed in presents on great state occasions three times a year.  Such a mistake might easily have originated in the first dictation, treize substituted for trois, or rather for the old form tres; but we must note that the number 13 is repeated and corroborated in ch. xvi.  Odoric speaks of four great yearly festivals, but there are obvious errors in what he says on this subject.  Hammer says the great Mongol Feasts were three, viz.  New Year’s Day, the Kaan’s Birthday, and the Feast of the Herds.

Something like the changes of costume here spoken of is mentioned by Rubruquis at a great festival of four days’ duration at the court of Mangku Kaan:  “Each day of the four they appeared in different raiment, suits of which were given them for each day of a different colour, but everything on the same day of one colour, from the boots to the turban.”  So also Carpini says regarding the assemblies of the Mongol nobles at the inauguration of Kuyuk Kaan:  “The first day they were all clad in white pourpre (? albis purpuris, see Bk.  I. ch. vi. note 4), the second day in ruby pourpre, the third day in blue pourpre, the fourth day in the finest baudekins.” (Cathay, 141; Rubr. 368; Pl.  Car. 755.)

[Mr. Rockhill (Rubruck, p. 247, note) makes the following remarks:  “Odoric, however, says that the colours differed according to the rank.  The custom of presenting khilats is still observed in Central Asia and Persia.  I cannot learn from any other authority that the Mongols ever wore turbans.  Odoric says the Mongols of the imperial feasts wore ‘coronets’ (in capite coronati).”—­H.  C.]

NOTE 4.—­["The accounts given by Marco Polo regarding the feasts of the Khan and the festival dresses at his Court, agree perfectly with the statements on the same subject of contemporary Chinese writers.  Banquets were called in the common Mongol language chama, and festival dresses chisun.  General festivals used to be held at the New Year and at the Birthday of the Khan.  In the Mongol-Chinese Code, the ceremonies performed in the provinces on the Khan’s Birthday are described.  One month before that day the civil and military officers