NOTE 12.—­["The maintenance of the Lamas, of their monasteries, the expenses for the sacrifices and for transcription of sacred books, required enormous sums.  The Lamas enjoyed a preponderating influence, and stood much higher than the priests of other creeds, living in the palace as if in their own house.  The perfumes, which M. Polo mentions, were used by the Lamas for two purposes; they used them for joss-sticks, and for making small turrets, known under the name of ts’a-ts’a; the joss-sticks used to be burned in the same way as they are now; the ts’a-ts’a were inserted in suburgas or buried in the ground.  At the time when the suburga was built in the garden of the Peking palace in 1271, there were used, according to the Empress’ wish, 1008 turrets made of the most expensive perfumes, mixed with pounded gold, silver, pearls, and corals, and 130,000 ts’a-ts’a made of ordinary perfumes.” (Palladius, 29.—­H.  C.)]

NOTE 13.—­There is no exaggeration in this number.  Turner speaks of 2500 monks in one Tibetan convent.  Huc mentions Chorchi, north of the Great Wall, as containing 2000; and Kunbum, where he and Gabet spent several months, on the borders of Shensi and Tibet, had nearly 4000.  The missionary itinerary from Nepal to L’hasa given by Giorgi, speaks of a group of convents at a place called Brephung, which formerly contained 10,000 inmates, and at the time of the journey (about 1700) still contained 5000, including attendants.  Dr. Campbell gives a list of twelve chief convents in L’hasa and its vicinity (not including the Potala or Residence of the Grand Lama), of which one is said to have 7500 members, resident and itinerary.  Major Montgomerie’s Pandit gives the same convent 7700 Lamas.  In the great monastery at L’hasa called Labrang, they show a copper kettle holding more than 100 buckets, which was used to make tea for the Lamas who performed the daily temple service.  The monasteries are usually, as the text says, like small towns, clustered round the great temples.  That represented at p. 224 is at Jehol, and is an imitation of the Potala at L’hasa. (Huc’s Tartary, etc., pp. 45, 208, etc.; Alph.  Tibetan, 453; J.  A. S. B. XXIV. 219; J.  R. G. S. XXXVIII. 168; Koeppen, II. 338.) [La Geographie, II. 1901, pp. 242-247, has an article by Mr. J. Deniker, La Premiere Photographie de Lhassa, with a view of Potala, in 1901, from a photograph by M. O. Norzunov; it is interesting to compare it with the view given by Kircher in 1670.—­H.  C.]

["The monasteries with numbers of monks, who, as M. Polo asserts, behaved decently, evidently belonged to Chinese Buddhists, ho-shang; in Kublai’s time they had two monasteries in Shangtu, in the north-east and north-west parts of the town.” (Palladius, 29.) Rubruck (Rockhill’s ed. p. 145) says:  “All the priests (of the idolaters) shave their heads, and are dressed in saffron colour, and they observe chastity from the time they shave their heads, and they live in congregations of one or two hundred.”—­H.  C.]