“On the 9th day of the 9th Moon (October), the Prince, having called his subjects before his chief tent, performed the libation of the milk of a white mare.  This was the customary sacrifice at that time.  The vessels used were made of birch-bark, not ornamented with either silver or gold.  Such here is the respect for simplicity....

“At the last day of the year the Mongols suddenly changed their camping-ground to another place, for the mutual congratulation on the 1st Moon.  Then there was every day feasting before the tents for the lower ranks.  Beginning with the Prince, all dressed themselves in white fur clothing....[5]

“On the 9th day of the 4th Moon (May) the Prince again collected his vassals before the chief tent for the libation of the milk of a white mare.  This sacrifice is performed twice a year.”

It has been seen (p. 308) that Rubruquis also names the 9th day of the May moon as that of the consecration of the white mares.  The autumn libation is described by Polo as performed on the 28th day of the August moon, probably because it was unsuited to the circumstances of the Court at Cambaluc, where the Kaan was during October, and the day named was the last of his annual stay in the Mongolian uplands.

Baber tells that among the ceremonies of a Mongol Review the Khan and his staff took kumiz and sprinkled it towards the standards.  An Armenian author of the Mongol era says that it was the custom of the Tartars, before drinking, to sprinkle drink towards heaven, and towards the four quarters.  Mr. Atkinson notices the same practice among the Kirghiz:  and I found the like in old days among the Kasias of the eastern frontier of Bengal.

The time of year assigned by Polo for the ceremony implies some change.  Perhaps it had been made to coincide with the Festival of Water Consecration of the Lamas, with which the time named in the text seems to correspond.  On that occasion the Lamas go in procession to the rivers and lakes and consecrate them by benediction and by casting in offerings, attended by much popular festivity.

Rubruquis seems to intimate that the Nestorian priests were employed to consecrate the white mares by incensing them.  In the rear of Lord Canning’s camp in India I once came upon the party of his Shutr Suwars, or dromedary-express riders, busily engaged in incensing with frankincense the whole of the dromedaries, which were kneeling in a circle.  I could get no light on the practice, but it was very probably a relic of the old Mongol custom. (Rubr. 363; Erman, II. 397; Billings’ Journey, Fr. Tr.  I. 217; Baber, 103; J.  As. ser.  V. tom. xi. p. 249; Atk.  Amoor, p. 47; J.  A. S. B. XIII. 628; Koeppen, II. 313.)

NOTE 8.—­The practice of weather-conjuring was in great vogue among the Mongols, and is often alluded to in their history.