In Pauthier’s (uncorrected) text one of the missing words is supplied:  “Et appellent les C.M. un Tuc; et les X.M. un Toman; et un millier Guz por centenier et por disenier.”  The blanks he supplies thus from Abulghazi:  “Et un millier:  [un Miny]; Guz, por centenier et [Un] por disenier.”  The words supplied are Turki, but so is the Guz, which appears already in Pauthier’s text, whilst Toman and Tuc are common to Turki and Mongol.  The latter word, Tuk or Tugh, is the horse-tail or yak-tail standard which among so many Asiatic nations has marked the supreme military command.  It occurs as Taka in ancient Persian, and Cosmas Indicopleustes speaks of it as Tupha.  The Nine Orloks or Marshals under Chinghiz were entitled to the Tuk, and theirs is probably the class of command here indicated as of 100,000, though the figure must not be strictly taken.  Timur ordains that every Amir who should conquer a kingdom or command in a victory should receive a title of honour, the Tugh and the Nakkara. (Infra, Bk.  II. ch. iv. note 3.) Baber on several occasions speaks of conferring the Tugh upon his generals for distinguished service.  One of the military titles at Bokhara is still Tokhsabai, a corruption of Tugh-Sahibi, (Master of the Tugh).

We find the whole gradation except the Tuc in a rescript of Janibeg, Khan of Sarai, in favour of Venetian merchants dated February 1347.  It begins in the Venetian version:  “La parola de Zanibeck allo puovolo di Mogoli, alli Baroni di Thomeni,[1] delli miera, delli centenera, delle dexiene.” (Erdmann, 576; D’Avezac, 577-578; Remusat, Langues Tartares, 303; Pallas, Samml. I. 283; Schmidt, 379, 381; Baber, 260, etc.; Vambery, 374; Timour Inst. pp. 283 and 292-293; Bibl. de l’Ec. des Chartes, tom. lv. p. 585.)

The decimal division of the army was already made by Chinghiz at an early period of his career, and was probably much older than his time.  In fact we find the Myriarch and Chiliarch already in the Persian armies of Darius Hystaspes.  From the Tartars the system passed into nearly all the Musulman States of Asia, and the titles Min-bashi or Bimbashi, Yuzbashi, Onbashi, still subsist not only in Turkestan, but also in Turkey and Persia.  The term Tman or Tma was, according to Herberstein, still used in Russia in his day for 10,000. (Ramus. II. 159.)

[The King of An-nam, Dinh Tien-hoang (A.D. 968) had an army of 1,000,000 men forming 10 corps of 10 legions; each legion forming 10 cohorts of 10 centuries; each century forming 10 squads of 10 men.—­H.  C.]

NOTE 3.—­Ramusio’s edition says that what with horses and mares there will be an average of eighteen beasts (?) to every man.

NOTE 4.—­See the Oriental account quoted below in Note 6.