11,500.  A few willows and poplars are the only trees that can stand against the bitter blasts that blow down the valley.  Wood estimated the total population of the province at only 1000 souls, though it might be capable of supporting 5000.[1] He saw it, however, in the depth of winter.  As to the peculiar language, see note I, ch. xxix.  It is said to be a very old dialect of Persian.  A scanty vocabulary was collected by Hayward. (J.  R. G. S. XXI. p. 29.) The people, according to Shaw, have Aryan features, resembling those of the Kashmiris, but harsher.

[Cf.  Captain Trotter’s The Oxus below Wakhan, Forsyth’s Mission, p. 276.]

We appear to see in the indications of this paragraph precisely the same system of government that now prevails in the Oxus valleys.  The central districts of Faizabad and Jerm are under the immediate administration of the Mir of Badakhshan, whilst fifteen other districts, such as Kishm, Rustak, Zebak, Ishkashm, Wakhan, are dependencies “held by the relations of the Mir, or by hereditary rulers, on a feudal tenure, conditional on fidelity and military service in time of need, the holders possessing supreme authority in their respective territories, and paying little or no tribute to the paramount power.” (Pandit Manphul.) The first part of the valley of which Marco speaks as belonging to a brother of the Prince, may correspond to Ishkashm, or perhaps to Vardoj; the second, Wakhan, seems to have had a hereditary ruler; but both were vassals of the Prince of Badakhshan, and therefore are styled Counts, not kings or Seigneurs.

The native title which Marco gives as the equivalent of Count is remarkable. Non or None, as it is variously written in the texts, would in French form represent Nono in Italian.  Pauthier refers this title to the “Rao-nana (or nano) Rao” which figures as the style of Kanerkes in the Indo-Scythic coinage.  But Wilson (Ariana Antiqua, p. 358) interprets Raonano as most probably a genitive plural of Rao, whilst the whole inscription answers precisely to the Greek one [Greek:  BASILEUS BASILEON KANAERKOU] which is found on other coins of the same prince.  General Cunningham, a very competent authority, adheres to this view, and writes:  “I do not think None or Non can have any connection with the Nana of the coins.”

It is remarkable, however, that NONO (said to signify “younger,” or lesser) is in Tibet the title given to a younger brother, deputy, or subordinate prince.  In Cunningham’s Ladak (259) we read:  “Nono is the usual term of respect which is used in addressing any young man of the higher ranks, and when prefixed to Kahlon it means the younger or deputy minister.”  And again (p. 352):  “Nono is the title given to a younger brother.  Nono Sungnam was the younger brother of Chang Raphtan, the Kahlon of Bazgo.”  I have recently encountered the