of the many great blocks of sandstone scattered upon it.  Its proximity to the Bashakird mountains and Mekran easily accounts for the prevalence of robbers, who infested the place in Marco Polo’s time.  At the end of the Pass lies the large village Shamil, with an old fort; the distance thence to the site of Hormuz or Bender ’Abbas (lying more to the west) is 52 miles, two days’ march.  The climate of Bender ’Abbas is very bad, strangers speedily fall sick, two of my men died there, all the others were seriously ill.” (Houtum-Schindler, l.c. pp. 495-496.) Major Sykes (ch. xxiii.) says:  “Two marches from Camadi was Kahn-i-Panchur, and a stage beyond it lay the ruins of Fariab or Pariab, which was once a great city, and was destroyed by a flood, according to local legend.  It may have been Alexander’s Salmous, as it is about the right distance from the coast, and if so, could not have been Marco’s Cono Salmi.  Continuing on, Galashkird mentioned by Edrisi, is the next stage.”—­H.  C.]

The raids of the Mekranis and Biluchis long preceded those of the Karaunas, for they were notable even in the time of Mahmud of Ghazni, and they have continued to our own day to be prosecuted nearly on the same stage and in the same manner.  About 1721, 4000 horsemen of this description plundered the town of Bander Abbasi, whilst Captain Alex.  Hamilton was in the port; and Abbott, in 1850, found the dread of Biluch robbers to extend almost to the gates of Ispahan.  A striking account of the Biluch robbers and their characteristics is given by General Ferrier.  (See Hamilton, I. 109; J.  R. G. S. XXV.; Khanikoff’s Memoire; Macd.  Kinneir, 196; Caravan Journeys, p. 437 seq.)

[1] Khajlak is mentioned as a leader of the Mongol raids in India by the
    poet Amir Khusru (A.D. 1289; see Elliot III. 527).

[2] Professor Cowell compares the Mongol inroads in the latter part of the
    13th and beginning of the 14th century, in their incessant recurrence,
    to the incursions of the Danes in England.  A passage in Wassaf
    (Elliot, III. 38) shows that the Mongols were, circa 1254-55,
    already in occupation of Sodia on the Chenab, and districts adjoining.

CHAPTER XIX.

OF THE DESCENT TO THE CITY OF HORMOS.

The Plain of which we have spoken extends in a southerly direction for five days’ journey, and then you come to another descent some twenty miles in length, where the road is very bad and full of peril, for there are many robbers and bad characters about.  When you have got to the foot of this descent you find another beautiful plain called the PLAIN OF FORMOSA.  This extends for two days’ journey; and you find in it fine streams of water with plenty of date-palms and other fruit-trees.  There are also many beautiful birds, francolins, popinjays, and other kinds such as we have none of in our country.  When you have