the Chinese wall near Karaun Jidun or Khidun; and their special accomplishment in war was the use of Naphtha Fire.  Rashiduddin mentions the Karanut as a branch of the great Mongol tribe of the Kungurats, who certainly had their seat in the vicinity named, so these may possibly be connected with the Karaunahs.  The same author says that the Tuman of the Karaunahs formed the Inju or peculium of Arghun Khan.

Wassaf calls them “a kind of goblins rather than human beings, the most daring of all the Mongols”; and Mirkhond speaks in like terms.

Dr. Bird of Bombay, in discussing some of the Indo-Scythic coins which bear the word Korano attached to the prince’s name, asserts this to stand for the name of the Karaunah, “who were a Graeco-Indo-Scythic tribe of robbers in the Punjab, who are mentioned by Marco Polo,” a somewhat hasty conclusion which Pauthier adopts.  There is, Quatremere observes, no mention of the Karaunahs before the Mongol invasion, and this he regards as the great obstacle to any supposition of their having been a people previously settled in Persia.  Reiske, indeed, with no reference to the present subject, quotes a passage from Hamza of Ispahan, a writer of the 10th century, in which mention is made of certain troops called Karaunahs.  But it seems certain that in this and other like cases the real reading was Kazawinah, people of Kazvin. (See Reiske’s Constant.  Porphyrog. Bonn. ed.  II. 674; Gottwaldt’s Hamza Ispahanensis, p. 161; and Quatremere in J.  A. ser.  V. tom. xv. 173.) Ibn Batuta only once mentions the name, saying that Tughlak Shah of Dehli was “one of those Turks called Karaunas who dwell in the mountains between Sind and Turkestan.”  Hammer has suggested the derivation of the word Carbine from Karawinah (as he writes), and a link in such an etymology is perhaps furnished by the fact that in the 16th century the word Carbine was used for some kind of irregular horseman.

(Gold.  Horde, 214; Ilch. I. 17, 344, etc.; Erdmann, 168, 199, etc.; J.  A. S., B. X. 96; Q.  R. 130; Not. et Ext. XIV. 282; I.  B. III. 201; Ed. Webbe, his Travailes, p. 17, 1590.  Reprinted 1868.)

As regards the account given by Marco of the origin of the Caraonas, it seems almost necessarily a mistaken one.  As Khanikoff remarks, he might have confounded them with the Biluchis, whose Turanian aspect (at least as regards the Brahuis) shows a strong infusion of Turki blood, and who might be rudely described as a cross between Tartars and Indians.  It is indeed an odd fact that the word Karani (vulgo Cranny) is commonly applied in India at this day to the mixed race sprung from European fathers and Native mothers, and this might be cited in corroboration of Marsden’s reference to the Sanskrit Karana, but I suspect