[4] See vol. ii. p. 439.  It is, however, remarkable that a like mistake is
    made about the Persian Gulf (see i. 63, 64).  Perhaps Polo thought in
    Persian, in which the word darya means either sea or a large
    river.  The same habit and the ambiguity of the Persian sher led him
    probably to his confusion of lions and tigers (see i. 397).

[5] Such are Pasciai-Dir and Ariora Kesciemur (i. p. 98.)

[6] Thus the MSS. of this type have elected the erroneous readings
    Bolgara, Cogatra, Chiato, Cabanant, etc., instead of the correcter
    Bolgana, Cocacin, Quiacatu, Cobinan, where the G. T. presents both
    (supra, p. 86).  They read Esanar for the correct Etzina; Chascun
    for Casvin; Achalet for Acbalec; Sardansu for Sindafu,
    Kayteu, Kayton, Sarcon for Zaiton or Caiton; Soucat for
    Locac; Falec for Ferlec, and so on, the worse instead of the
    better.  They make the Mer Occeane into Mer Occident; the wild
    asses (asnes) of the Kerman Desert into wild geese (oes); the
    escoillez of Bengal (ii. p. 115) into escoliers; the giraffes of
    Africa into girofles, or cloves, etc., etc.

[7] There are about five-and-thirty such passages altogether.

[8] The Bern MS. I have satisfied myself is an actual copy of the Paris
    MS. C.

    The Oxford MS. closely resembles both, but I have not made the
    comparison minutely enough to say if it is an exact copy of either.

[9] The following comparison will also show that these two Latin versions
    have probably had a common source, such as is here suggested.

    At the end of the Prologue the Geographic Text reads simply:—­

    “Or puis que je voz ai contez tot le fat dou prolegue ensi con voz
    aves oi, adonc (commencerai) le Livre.”

    Whilst the Geographic Latin has:—­

    “Postquam recitavimus et diximus facta et condictiones morum,
    itinerum et ea quae nobis contigerunt per vias, incipiemus
    dicere ea quae vidimus.  Et primo dicemus de Minore Hermenia.”

    And Pipino:—­

    “Narratione facta nostri itineris, nunc ad ea narranda quae vidimus
    accedamus.  Primo autem Armeniam Minorem describemus breviter.”

[10] Friar Francesco Pipino of Bologna, a Dominican, is known also as the
    author of a lengthy chronicle from the time of the Frank Kings down to
    1314; of a Latin Translation of the French History of the Conquest of
    the Holy Land, by Bernard the Treasurer; and of a short Itinerary of a
    Pilgrimage to Palestine in 1320.  Extracts from the Chronicle, and the