this need scarcely be a difficulty in the
    face of the preceding evidence.  Note also the three hundred rowers
    in Joinville’s description quoted at p. 40.  The great galleys of the
    Malay Sultan of Achin in 1621 had, according to Beaulieu, from 700 to
    800 rowers, but I do not know on what system.

[13] Marinus Sanutius, p. 78.  These titles occur also in the Documenti
    d’Amore of Fr. Barberino referred to at p. 117 of this volume:—­

“Convienti qui manieri Portolatti e prodieri E presti galeotti Aver, e forti e dotti.”

[14] Spinello’s works, according to Vasari, extended from 1334 till late
    in the century.  A religious picture of his at Siena is assigned to
    1385, so the frescoes may probably be of about the same period.  Of the
    battle represented I can find no record.

[15] Engraved in Jal, i. 330; with other mediaeval illustrations of the
    same points.

[16] To these Casoni adds Sifoni for discharging Greek fire; but this he
    seems to take from the Greek treatise of the Emperor Leo.  Though I
    have introduced Greek fire in the cut at p. 49, I doubt if there is
    evidence of its use by the Italians in the thirteenth century. 
    Joinville describes it like something strange and new.

    In after days the artillery occupied the same position, at the bow of
    the galley.

Great beams, hung like battering rams, are mentioned by Sanudo, as well as iron crow’s-feet with fire attached, to shoot among the rigging, and jars of quick-lime and soft soap to fling in the eyes of the enemy.  The lime is said to have been used by Doria against the Venetians at Curzola (infra, p. 48), and seems to have been a usual provision.  Francesco Barberini specifies among the stores for his galley:  “Calcina, con lancioni, Pece, pietre, e ronconi” (p. 259.) And Christine de Pisan, in her Faiz du Sage Roy Charles (V. of France), explains also the use of the soap:  “Item, on doit avoir pluseurs vaisseaulx legiers a rompre, comme poz plains de chauls ou pouldre, et gecter dedens; et, par ce, seront comme avuglez, au brisier des poz. Item, on doit avoir autres poz de mol savon et gecter es nefzs des adversaires, et quant les vaisseaulx brisent, le savon est glissant, si ne se peuent en piez soustenir et chieent en l’eaue” (pt. ii. ch. 38).

[17] Balislariae, whence no doubt Balistrada and our Balustrade. 
    Wedgwood’s etymology is far-fetched.  And in his new edition (1872),
    though he has shifted his ground, he has not got nearer the truth.

[18] Sanutius, p. 53; Joinville, p. 40; Muntaner, 316, 403.

[19] See pp. 270, 288, 324, and especially 346.

[20] See the Protestant, cited above, p. 441, et seqq.