[7] Pantera, p. 22.

[8] Lazarus Bayfius de Re Navali Veterum, in Gronovii Thesaurus, Ven.
    1737, vol. xi. p. 581.  This writer also speaks of the Quinquereme
    mentioned above (p. 577).

[9] Marinus Sanutius, p. 65.

[10] See the woodcuts opposite and at p. 37; also Pantera, p. 46
    (who is here, however, speaking of the great-oared galleys), and
    Coronelli, i. 140.

[11] Casoni, p. 324.  He obtains these particulars from a manuscript work
    of the 16th century by Cristoforo Canale.

[12] Signor Casoni (p. 324) expresses his belief that no galley of the
    14th century had more than 100 oars.  I differ from him with
    hesitation, and still more as I find M. Jal agrees in this view.  I
    will state the grounds on which I came to a different conclusion. (1)
    Marino Sanudo assigns 180 rowers for a galley equipped ai Terzaruoli
    (p. 75).  This seemed to imply something near 180 oars, for I do not
    find any allusion to reliefs being provided.  In the French galleys of
    the 18th century there were no reliefs except in this way, that in
    long runs without urgency only half the oars were pulled. (See Mem.
    d’un Protestant condamne aux Galeres, etc., Reimprimes, Paris, 1865,
    p. 447.) If four men to a bench were to be employed, then Sanudo seems
    to calculate for his smaller galleys 220 men actually rowing (see pp.
    75-78).  This seems to assume 55 benches, i.e., 28 on one side and 27
    on the other, which with 3-banked oars would give 165 rowers. (2)
    Casoni himself refers to Pietro Martire d’Anghieria’s account of a
    Great Galley of Venice in which he was sent ambassador to Egypt from
    the Spanish Court in 1503.  The crew amounted to 200, of whom 150 were
    for working the sails and oars, that being the number of oars in each
    galley, one man to each oar and three to each bench.  Casoni assumes
    that this vessel must have been much larger than the galleys of the
    14th century; but, however that may have been, Sanudo to his galley
    assigns the larger crew of 250, of whom almost exactly the same
    proportion (180) were rowers.  And in he galeazza described by Pietro
    Martire the oars were used only as an occasional auxiliary. (See his
    Legationis Babylonicae Libri Tres, appended to his 3 Decads
    concerning the New World; Basil. 1533, f. 77 ver.) (3) The galleys
    of the 18th century, with their great oars 50 feet long pulled by six
    or seven men each, had 25 benches to the side, and only 4’ 6” (French)
    gunnel-space to each oar. (See Mem. d’un Protest., p. 434.) I
    imagine that a smaller space would suffice for the 3 light oars of the
    mediaeval system, so that