Life.—­Joseph Addison was born in the paternal rectory at Milston, a small village in the eastern part of Wiltshire.  He was educated at Oxford.  He intended to become a clergyman, but, having attracted attention by his graceful Latin poetry, was dissuaded by influential court friends from entering the service of the church.  They persuaded him to fit himself for the diplomatic service, and secured for him a yearly pension of L300.  He then went to France, studied the language of that country, and traveled extensively, so as to gain a knowledge of foreign courts.  The death of King William in 1702 stopped his pension, however, and Addison was forced to return to England to seek employment as a tutor.

The great battle of Blenheim was won by Marlborough in 1704.  As Macaulay says, the ministry was mortified to see such a victory celebrated by so much bad poetry, and he instances these lines from one of the poems: 

  “Think of two thousand gentlemen at least,
  And each man mounted on his capering beast;
  Into the Danube they were pushed by shoals.”

The Chancellor of the Exchequer went to Addison’s humble lodgings and asked him to write a poem in honor of the battle.  Addison took the town by storm with a simile in which the great general was likened to the calm angel of the whirlwind.  When people reflected how calmly Marlborough had directed the whirlwind of war, they thought that no comparison could be more felicitous.  From that time Addison’s fortunes rose.  Since his day no man relying on literary talents alone has risen so high in state affairs.  He was made assistant Secretary of State, Secretary for Ireland, and finally chief Secretary of State.

Though Addison was a prominent figure in the political world, it is his literary life that most concerns us.  In his prime he wrote for The Tatler and The Spectator, famous newspapers of Queen Anne’s day, many inimitable essays on contemporary life and manners.  Most newspaper work is soon forgotten, but these essays are read by the most cultivated people of to-day.  In his own age his most meritorious production was thought to be the dull tragedy of Cato, a drama observing the classical unities.  Some of his Hymns are much finer.  Lines like these, written of the stars, linger in our memories:—­

  “Forever singing as they shine,
  The hand that made us is divine.”

Addison had a singularly pleasing personality.  Though he was a Whig, the Tories admired and applauded him.  He was a good illustration of the truth that if one smiles in the mirror of the world, it will answer him with a smile.  Swift said he believed the English would have made Addison king, if they had been requested to place him on the throne.  Pope’s jealous nature prompted him to quarrel with Addison, but the quarrel was chiefly on one side.  Men like Macaulay and Thackeray have exerted their powers to do justice to the kindliness and integrity of Addison.