Nelson’s great merit, his personal contribution to his country’s influence, lay first and foremost in his having by intellectual effort solved the tactical problem set to commanders by the conditions of the naval weapon of his day, the fleet of line-of-battle ships; and secondly, in his being possessed and inspired by the true strategical doctrine that the prime object of naval warfare is the destruction of the enemy’s fleet, and therefore that the decisive point in the theatre of war is the point where the enemy’s fleet can be found.  It was the conviction with which he held this principle that enabled him in circumstances of the greatest difficulty to divine where to go to find the enemy’s fleet; which in 1798 led him persistently up and down the Mediterranean till he had discovered the French squadron anchored at Aboukir; which in 1805 took him from the Mediterranean to the West Indies, and from the West Indies back to the Channel.

So much for Nelson’s share of the work.  But Nelson could neither have educated himself nor made full use of his education if the navy of his day had not been inspired with the will to fight and to conquer, with the discipline that springs from that will, and had not obtained through long experience of war the high degree of skill in seamanship and in gunnery which made it the instrument its great commander required.  These conditions of the navy in turn were products of the national spirit and of the will of the Government and people of Great Britain to devote to the navy as much money, as many men, and as vigorous support as might be necessary to realise the national purpose.

The efforts of this nature made by the country were neither perfect nor complete.  The Governments made mistakes, the Admiralty left much to be desired both in organisation and in personnel.  But the will was there.  The best proof of the national determination is to be found in the best hated of all the institutions of that time, the press-gang, a brutal and narrow-minded form of asserting the principle that a citizen’s duty is to fight for his country.  That the principle should take such a shape is decisive evidence no doubt that society was badly organised, and that education, intellectual and moral, was on a low level, but also, and this is the vital matter, that the nation well understood the nature of the struggle in which it was engaged and was firmly resolved not only to fight but to conquer.

The causes of the success of the French armies in the period between 1792 and 1809 were precisely analogous to those which have been analysed in the case of the British navy.  The basis was the national will, expressed in the volunteers and the levy en masse.  Upon this was superimposed the skill acquired by the army in several years of incessant war, and the formal cause of the victories was Napoleon’s insight into the art of command.  The research of recent years has revealed the origin of Napoleon’s