2.  Faith and Justice not owned as Principles by all Men.

Whether there be any such moral principles, wherein all men do agree, I appeal to any who have been but moderately conversant in the history of mankind, and looked abroad beyond the smoke of their own chimneys.  Where is that practical truth that is universally received, without doubt or question, as it must be if innate?  Justice, and keeping of contracts, is that which most men seem to agree in.  This is a principle which is thought to extend itself to the dens of thieves, and the confederacies of the greatest villains; and they who have gone furthest towards the putting off of humanity itself, keep faith and rules of justice one with another.  I grant that outlaws themselves do this one amongst another:  but it is without receiving these as the innate laws of nature.  They practise them as rules of convenience within their own communities:  but it is impossible to conceive that he embraces justice as a practical principle who acts fairly with his fellow-highwayman, and at the same time plunders or kills the next honest man he meets with Justice and truth are the common ties of society; and therefore even outlaws and robbers, who break with all the world besides, must keep faith and rules of equity amongst themselves; or else they cannot hold together.  But will any one say, that those that live by fraud or rapine have innate principles of truth and justice which they allow and assent to?

3.  Objection:  though Men deny them in their Practice, yet they admit them in their Thoughts answered.

Perhaps it will be urged, that the tacit assent of their minds agrees to what their practice contradicts.  I answer, first, I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their thoughts.  But, since it is certain that most men’s practices, and some men’s open professions, have either questioned or denied these principles, it is impossible to establish an universal consent, (though we should look for it only amongst grown men,) without which it is impossible to conclude them innate.  Secondly, it is very strange and unreasonable to suppose innate practical principles, that terminate only in contemplation.  Practical principles, derived from nature, are there for operation, and must produce conformity of action, not barely speculative assent to their truth, or else they are in vain distinguished from speculative maxims.  Nature, I confess, has put into man a desire of happiness and an aversion to misery:  these indeed are innate practical principles which (as practical principles ought) do continue constantly to operate and influence all our actions without ceasing:  these may be observed in all persons and all ages, steady and universal; but these are inclinations of the appetite to good, not impressions of truth on the understanding.  I deny not that there are natural tendencies imprinted on the minds of men;