9.  Civil Law the Measure of Crimes and Innocence.

Secondly, the civil law—­the rule set by the commonwealth to the actions of those who belong to it—­is another rule to which men refer their actions; to judge whether they be criminal or no.  This law nobody overlooks:  the rewards and punishments that enforce it being ready at hand, and suitable to the power that makes it:  which is the force of the Commonwealth, engaged to protect the lives, liberties, and possessions of those who live according to its laws, and has power to take away life, liberty, or goods, from him who disobeys; which is the punishment of offences committed against his law.

10.  Philosophical Law the Measure of Virtue and Vice.

Thirdly, the law of opinion or reputation.  Virtue and vice are names pretended and supposed everywhere to stand for actions in their own nature right and wrong:  and as far as they really are so applied, they so far are coincident with the divine law above mentioned.  But yet, whatever is pretended, this is visible, that these names, virtue and vice, in the particular instances of their application, through the several nations and societies of men in the world, are constantly attributed only to such actions as in each country and society are in reputation or discredit.  Nor is it to be thought strange, that men everywhere should give the name of virtue to those actions, which amongst them are judged praiseworthy; and call that vice, which they account blamable:  since otherwise they would condemn themselves, if they should think anything right, to which they allowed not commendation, anything wrong, which they let pass without blame.  Thus the measure of what is everywhere called and esteemed virtue and vice is this approbation or dislike, praise or blame, which, by a secret and tacit consent, establishes itself in the several societies, tribes, and clubs of men in the world:  whereby several actions come to find credit or disgrace amongst them, according to the judgment, maxims, or fashion of that place.  For, though men uniting into politic societies, have resigned up to the public the disposing of all their force, so that they cannot employ it against any fellow-citizens any further than the law of the country directs:  yet they retain still the power of thinking well or ill, approving or disapproving of the actions of those whom they live amongst, and converse with:  and by this approbation and dislike they establish amongst themselves what they will call virtue and vice.

11.  The Measure that Man commonly apply to determine what they call Virtue and Vice.