White } { Copper
      }—­Olive—­{
Brown } { Black
]

[Footnote 080:  See note, (Footnote 075).  To this we may add, that the rest of the descendants of Ham, as far as they can be traced, are now also black, at well as many of the descendants of Shem.]

[Footnote 081:  Diseases have a great effect upon the mucosum corpus, but particularly the jaundice, which turns it yellow.  Hence, being transmitted through the cuticle, the yellow appearance of the whole body.  But this, even as a matter of ocular demonstration, is not confined solely to white people; negroes themselves, while affected with these or other disorders, changing their black colour for that which the disease has conveyed to the mucous substance.]

[Footnote 082:  The cutaneous pores are so excessively small, that one grain of sand, (according to Dr. Lewenhoeck’s calculations) would cover many hundreds of them.]

[Footnote 083:  We do not mean to insinuate that the same people have their corpus mucosum sensibly vary, as often as they go into another latitude, but that the fact is true only of different people, who have been long established in different latitudes.]

[Footnote 084:  We beg leave to return our thanks here to a gentleman, eminent in the medical line, who furnished us with the above-mentioned facts.]

[Footnote 085:  Suppose we were to see two nations, contiguous to each other, of black and white inhabitants in the same parallel, even this would be no objection, for many circumstances are to be considered.  A black people may have wandered into a white, and a white people into a black latitude, and they may not have been settled there a sufficient length of time for such a change to have been accomplished in their complexion, as that they should be like the old established inhabitants of the parallel, into which they have lately come.]

[Footnote 086:  Justamond’s Abbe Raynal, v. 5. p. 193.]

[Footnote 087:  The author of this Essay made it his business to inquire of the most intelligent of those, whom he could meet with in London, as to the authenticity of the fact.  All those from America assured him that it was strictly true; those from the West-Indies, that they had never observed it there; but that they had found a sensible difference in themselves since they came to England.]

[Footnote 088:  This circumstance, which always happens, shews that they are descended from the same parents as ourselves; for had they been a distinct species of men, and the blackness entirely ingrafted in their constitution and frame, there is great reason to presume, that their children would have been born black.]

[Footnote 089:  This observation was communicated to us by the gentleman in the medical line, to whom we returned our thanks for certain anatomical facts.]

[Footnote 090:  Philos.  Trans.  No. 476. sect. 4.]