Footnote 242:  Emily Bronte (1818-1848) was only a little less gifted than her famous sister.  Her best known work is Wuthering Heights (1847), a strong but morbid novel of love and suffering.  Matthew Arnold said of her that, “for the portrayal of passion, vehemence, and grief,” Emily Bronte had no equal save Byron.  An exquisite picture of Emily is given in Charlotte Bronte’s novel Shirley.

Footnote 243:  Essays, Riverside edition, I, 318.

Footnote 244:  The student should remember that Carlyle’s literary opinions, though very positive, are to be received with caution.  Sometimes, indeed, they are so one-sided and prejudiced that they are more valuable as a revelation of Carlyle himself than as a study of the author he is considering.

Footnote 245:  The Oxford movement in religion has many points of resemblance to the Pre-Raphaelite movement in art.  Both protested against the materialism of the age, and both went back for their models to the Middle Ages.  Originally the movement was intended to bring new life to the Anglican church by a revival of the doctrine and practices of an earlier period.  Recognizing the power of the press, the leaders chose literature for their instrument of reform, and by their Tracts for the Times they became known as Tractarians.  To oppose liberalism and to restore the doctrine and authority of the early Church was the center of their teaching.  Their belief might be summed up in one great article of the Creed, with all that it implies,—­“I believe in one Catholic and Apostolic Church.”  The movement began at Oxford with Keble’s famous sermon on “National Apostasy,” in 1833; but Newman was the real leader of the movement, which practically ended when he entered the Catholic church in 1845.