Footnote 174:  If the reader would see this in concrete form, let him read a paragraph of Milton’s prose, or a stanza of his poetry, and compare its exuberant, melodious diction with Dryden’s concise method of writing.

Footnote 175:  Edmund Waller (1606-1687), the most noted poet of the Restoration period until his pupil Dryden appeared.  His works are now seldom read.

Footnote 176:  From Divine Poems, “Old Age and Death.”

Footnote 177:  Following the advice of Boileau (1676-1711), a noted French critic, whom Voltaire called “the lawgiver of Parnassus.”

Footnote 178:  By a critic we mean simply one who examines the literary works of various ages, separates the good from the bad, and gives the reasons for his classification.  It is noticeable that critical writings increase in an age, like that of the Restoration, when great creative works are wanting.

Footnote 179:  Two other principles of this book should be noted:  (1) that all power originates in the people; and (2) that the object of all government is the common good.  Here evidently is a democratic doctrine, which abolishes the divine right of kings; but Hobbes immediately destroys democracy by another doctrine,—­that the power given by the people to the ruler could not be taken away.  Hence the Royalists could use the book to justify the despotism of the Stuarts on the ground that the people had chosen them.  This part of the book is in direct opposition to Milton’s Defense of the English People.

Footnote 180:  Locke’s Treatises on Government should also be mentioned, for they are of profound interest to American students of history and political science.  It was from Locke that the framers of the Declaration of Independence and of the Constitution drew many of their ideas, and even some of their most striking phrases.  “All men are endowed with certain inalienable rights”; “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”; “the origin and basis of government is in the consent of the governed,”—­these and many more familiar and striking expressions are from Locke.  It is interesting to note that he was appointed to draft a constitution for the new province of Carolina; but his work was rejected,—­probably because it was too democratic for the age in which he lived.

Footnote 181:  A few slight changes and omissions from the original text, as given in Wheatley’s edition of Pepys (London, 1892, 9 vols.), are not indicated in these brief quotations.

Footnote 182:  The first daily newspaper, The Daily Courant, appeared in London in 1702.

Footnote 183:  See Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century.

Footnote 184:  Addison’s “Campaign” (1704), written to celebrate the battle of Blenheim.

Footnote 185:  Great writers in every age, men like Shakespeare and Milton, make their own style.  They are therefore not included in this summary.  Among the minor writers also there are exceptions to the rule; and fine feeling is often manifest in the poetry of Donne, Herbert, Vaughan, and Herrick.