Footnote 27:  According to Sweet the original home of the Aryans is placed in central or northern Europe, rather than in Asia, as was once assumed.  See The History of Language, p. 103.

Footnote 28:  “Caedmon’s Hymn,” Cook’s version, in Translations from Old English Poetry.

Footnote 29:  Ecclesiastical History, IV, xxiv.

Footnote 30:  Genesis, 112-131 (Morley).

Footnote 31:  Exodus, 155 ff. (Brooke).

Footnote 32:  Runes were primitive letters of the old northern alphabet.  In a few passages Cynewulf uses each rune to represent not only a letter but a word beginning with that letter.  Thus the rune-equivalent of C stands for cene (keen, courageous), Y for yfel (evil, in the sense of wretched), N for nyd (need), W for ivyn (joy), U for ur (our), L for lagu (lake), F for feoh (fee, wealth).  Using the runes equivalent to these seven letters, Cynewulf hides and at the same time reveals his name in certain verses of The Christ, for instance: 

    Then the Courage-hearted quakes, when the King (Lord) he hears
    Speak to those who once on earth but obeyed Him weakly,
    While as yet their Yearning fain and their Need
    most easily Comfort might discover....  Gone is then the Winsomeness
    Of the earth’s adornments!  What to Us as men belonged
    Of the joys of life was locked, long ago, in Lake-flood. 
    All the Fee on earth. 
See Brooke’s History of Early English Literature, pp. 377-379, or The Christ of Cynewulf, ed. by Cook, also by Gollancz.

Footnote 33: 
    My robe is noiseless while I tread the earth,
    Or tarry ’neath the banks, or stir the shallows;
    But when these shining wings, this depth of air,
    Bear me aloft above the bending shores
    Where men abide, and far the welkin’s strength
    Over the multitudes conveys me, then
    With rushing whir and clear melodious sound
    My raiment sings.  And like a wandering spirit
    I float unweariedly o’er flood and field. 
(Brougham’s version, in Transl. from Old Eng.  Poetry.)

Footnote 34:  The source of Andreas is an early Greek legend of St. Andrew that found its way to England and was probably known to Cynewulf in some brief Latin form, now lost.

Footnote 35:  Our two chief sources are the famous Exeter Book, in Exeter Cathedral, a collection of Anglo-Saxon poems presented by Bishop Leofric (c. 1050), and the Vercelli Book, discovered in the monastery of Vercelli, Italy, in 1822.  The only known manuscript of Beowulf was discovered c. 1600, and is now in the Cotton Library of the British Museum.  All these are fragmentary copies, and show the marks of fire and of hard usage.  The Exeter Book contains the Christ, Guthlac, the Phoenix, Juliana, Widsith, The Seafarer, Deor’s Lament, The Wife’s Complaint, The Lover’s Message, ninety-five Riddles, and many short hymns and fragments,—­an astonishing variety for a single manuscript.