tunnies and sturgeons.  One may sail up this river to within three days journey of Moscow in Russia; and the inhabitants of that place go every year with their vessels to Astracan, to procure salt.  The passage downwards is easy, as the river Mosco runs into the Oka, and that again into the Wolga.  In this river there are many islands, and many forests along its banks.  Some of these islands are thirty miles in circumference; and in the forests there are trees of such vast size, that one of them may be hollowed into a boat, that will require eight or ten horses, and twice as many men, to draw it against the stream.  Crossing the river Wolga, and going fifteen days journey to the north-west, along the river, we meet with innumerable hordes of Tartars.  But in travelling northwards, towards Russia, we come to a small town called Risan[27], which belongs to a relation of the grand duke of Russia.  The inhabitants of this place are all Christians, and follow the usages of the Greek church.  This country abounds in corn, cattle, honey, and other good things; and they import a species of beer called Bossa[28]; and the country abounds in woods and villages without number.  Somewhat farther, and about half way between Riazan and Moscow, is a town called Colonna.  The fortifications, both of Riazan and Colonna, are built of timber, as are also the houses; as nothing is to be seen in these parts constructed of brick or stone.  Three days journey from Colonna, to the north-west, we come to the city and province of Moscow, or Mosqua, where the great Duke Jvan or John resides; and through this province there runs a river of the same name, having several bridges over it; and from which the city and province have probably acquired their names.  The castle of Moscow is situated upon a hill, and is encompassed round with woods[29].

The fertility of this country, in respect to corn and cattle, may be understood from this circumstance, that flesh is not sold by weight, but they give it out in large pieces, as much as would weigh four pounds[30].  Seventy hens may be bought for a ducat, worth four or five shillings; and a goose may be had for less than threepence.  In this country, the cold of winter is very severe, and the rivers are long frozen over:  Taking advantage of this circumstance, they carry oxen and other beasts to market in winter, ready slaughtered, skinned, and embowelled; which they set up on their feet in the market places, frozen as hard as a stone, and in such numbers, that one may buy 200 or more of them at a time.  Cutting them in pieces, as in our markets, is quite impossible, as they are as hard as marble, and are delivered out whole.  The only fruits to be met with are apples, nuts, and small walnuts.  When the Russians have a mind to travel, especially if the distance is very great, they prefer the winter season, when the whole country is covered over with frozen snow, and all the rivers are passable on the ice.  They then travel