Cara-cosmos, which means black cosmos, is made for the great lords, in the following manner:  The agitation, as before described, is continued until all the lees or coagulated portion of the milk subsides to the bottom, like the lees of wine, and the thin parts remain above like whey, or clear must of wine.  The white lees are given to the servants, and have a strong soporific quality.  The clear supernatent liquor is called cara-cosmos, and is an exceedingly pleasant and wholesome beverage[1].  Baatu has thirty farms around his dwelling-place, at about a day’s journey distant, each of which supplies him daily with the caracosmos from the milk of an hundred mares, so that he receives the daily produce of three thousand mares, besides white cosmos which the rest of his subjects contribute:  For, as the inhabitants of Syria pay the third part of their productions to their lords, so the Tartars pay their mares milk every third day.

From the milk of their cows they make butter, which they do not salt for preservation, but boil and clarify it, after which it is poured into bags made of sheep-skin, and preserved for winter use.  The residue of the milk is kept till it becomes quite sour, after which it is boiled, and the coagula or curds, which form, are dried in the sun till quite hard, and are preserved in bags for winter provision.  This sour curd, which they call gryut, when wanted for use in winter when they have no milk, is put into a bag with hot water, and by dilligent beating and agitation, is dissolved into a sour white liquor, which they drink instead of milk; for they have a great aversion to drink water by itself.

SECTION VII.

Of the Beasts they eat, of their Garments, and of their Hunting parties.

The great lords have farms in the southern parts of their dominions, from whence millet and flour are brought them for winter provisions; and the meaner people procure these in exchange for sheep and skins.  The slaves content themselves with thick water[2].  They do not eat either long tailed or short tailed mice.  There are many marmots in their country, which they call Sogur, which gather during winter, in companies of twenty or thirty together, in burrows, where they sleep for six months; these they catch in great numbers and use as food.  There are likewise a kind of rabbits, with long tails like cats, having black and white hairs at the extremity of their tails.  They have many other small animals fit for eating, with which they are well acquainted.  I have seen no deer, and very few hares, but many antelopes.  I saw vast numbers of wild asses, which resemble mules.  Likewise an animal resembling a ram, called artak, with crooked horns of such amazing size, that I was hardly able to lift a pair of them with one hand.  Of these horns they make large drinking-cups.  They have falcons, gyrfalcons, and other hawks in great abundance, all of which they carry on their