Quaker and Dry-goods Salesman.—­Supposed Profitableness of Lying.—­Plea for “Lies of Necessity.”—­Lying not Justifiable between Enemies in War-time.—­Rightfulness of Concealing Movements and Plans from Enemy.—­Responsibility with Flag of Truce.—­Difference between Scout and Spy.—­Ethical Distinctions Recognized by Belligerents.—­Illustration:  Federal Prisoner Questioned by Confederate Captors.—­Libby Prison Experiences.—­Physicians and Patients.—­Concealment not Necessarily Deception.—­Loss of Reputation for Truthfulness by Lying Physicians.—­Loss of Power Thereby.—­Impolicy of Lying to Insane.—­Dr. Kirkbride’s Testimony.—­Life not Worth Saving by Lie.—­Concealing One’s Condition from Robber in Bedroom.—­Questions of Would-be Murderer.—­“Do Right though the Heavens Fall.”—­Duty to God not to be Counted out of Problem.—­Deserting God’s Service by Lying.—­Parting Prayer.

VI.

Centuries of discussion.

Wide Differences of Opinion.—­Views of Talmudists.—­Hamburger’s Testimony.—­Strictness in Principle.—­Exceptions in Practice.—­Isaac Abohab’s Testimony.—­Christian Fathers not Agreed.—­Martyrdom Price of Truthtelling.—­Justin Martyr’s Testimony.—­Temptations of Early Christians.—­Words of Shepherd of Hermas.—­Tertullian’s Estimate.—­Origen on False Speaking.—­Peter and Paul at Antioch.—­ Gregory of Nyssa and Basil the Great.—­Deceit in Interests of Harmony.—­Chrysostom’s Deception of Basil.—­Chrysostom’s Defense of Deceit.—­Augustine’s Firmness of Position.—­Condemnation of Lying.—­Examination of Excuses.—­Jerome’s Weakness and Error.—­Final Agreement with Augustine.—­Repetition of Arguments of Augustine and Chrysostom.—­Representative Disputants.—­Thomas Aquinas.—­Masterly Discussion.—­Errors of Duns Scotus.—­John Calvin.—­Martin Luther.—­ Ignatius Loyola.—­Position of Jesuits.—­Protestants Defending Lying.  —­Jeremy Taylor.—­Errors and Inconsistencies.—­Wrong Definitions.—­ Misapplication of Scripture.—­Richard Rothe.—­Character, Ability, and Influence. in Definition of Lie.—­Failure to Recognize.—­Error Love to God as Only Basis of Love to Man.—­Exceptions in Favor of Lying.—­Nitzsch’s Claim of Wiser and Nobler Methods than Lying in Love.—­Rothe’s Claim of Responsibility of Loving Guardianship—­No Countenance of Deception in Example of Jesus.—­Prime Error of Rothe.  —­Opinions of Contemporary Critics.—­Isaac Augustus Dorner.—­ Character and Principles.—­Keen Definitions.—­High Standards.—­ Clearness and Consistency.—­Hans Lassen Martensen.—­Logic Swayed by Feeling.—­Right Premises and Wavering Reasonings.—­Lofty Ideals.—­ Story of Jeanie Deans.—­Correct Conclusions.—­Influence of Personal Peculiarities on Ethical Convictions.—­Contrast of Charles Hodge and James H. Thornwell.—­Dr. Hodge’s Correct Premises and Amiable Inconsistencies.—­Truth the Substratum of Deity.—­Misconceptions of Bible Teachings.—­Suggestion of Deception by Jesus Christ.—­Error as to General Opinion