[Footnote 1:  Glasfurd, cited in Cycl. of Descrip.  Sociol., V., 32.]

[Footnote 2:  Forsyth, Ibid.]

[Footnote 3:  Macpherson, cited in Ibid.]

[Footnote 4:  Ibid.]

[Footnote 5:  Sherwill, cited in Ibid.]

[Footnote 6:  Harkness, cited in Cycl. of Descrip.  Sociol., V., 31.]

[Footnote 7:  Spencer’s Principles of Sociology, II., 234.]

[Footnote 8:  Marshman, cited in Cycl. of Descrip.  Sociol., V., 31.]

[Footnote 9:  Wheeler, cited in Ibid.]

[Footnote 10:  Cited in Ibid.]

[Footnote 11:  Shortt, cited in Ibid.]

[Footnote 12:  Spencer’s Principles of Sociology, II., 234 ff.]

The Arabs are more truthful in their more primitive state than where they are influenced by “civilization,” or by dealings with those from civilized communities.[1] And the same would seem to be true of the American Indians.[2] Of the Patagonians it is said:  “A lie with them is held in detestation.” [3] “The word of a Hottentot is sacred;” and the good quality of “a rigid adherence to truth,” “he is master of in an eminent degree."[4] Dr. Livingstone says that lying was known to be a sin by the East Africans “before they knew aught of Europeans or their teaching."[5] And Mungo Park says of the Mandingoes, among the inland Africans, that, while they seem to be thieves by nature,” one of the first lessons in which the Mandingo women instruct their children is the practice of truth.”  The only consolation of a mother whose son had been murdered, “was the reflection that the poor boy, in the course of his blameless life, had never told a lie."[6] Richard Burton is alone among modern travelers in considering lying natural to all primitive or savage peoples.  Carl Bock, like other travelers, testifies to the unvarying truthfulness of the Dyaks in Borneo,[7] and another observant traveler tells of the disgrace that attaches to a lie in that land, as shown by the “lying heaps” of sticks or stones along the roadside here and there.  “Each heap is in remembrance of some man who has told a stupendous lie, or failed in carrying out an engagement; and every passer-by takes a stick or a stone to add to the accumulation, saying at the time he does it, ‘For So-and-so’s lying heap.’  It goes on for generations, until they sometimes forget who it was that told the lie, but, notwithstanding that, they continue throwing the stones."[8] What a blocking of the paths of civilization there would be if a “lying heap” were piled up wherever a lie had been told, or a promise had been broken, by a child of civilization!

[Footnote 1:  Denham, and Palgrave, cited in Cycl. of Des.  Social., V., 30,31.]

[Footnote 2:  See Morgan’s League of the Iroquois, p. 335; also Schoolcraft, and Keating, on the Chippewas, cited in Cycl. of Descrip.  Sociol., VI., 30.]