of the government, formed too powerful a combination, and triumphed over the national discontents which had not yet been formed into resistance.  The new bishops were appointed; Granvelle securing for himself the archiepiscopal see of Mechlin, with the title of primate of the Low Countries.  At the same time Paul IV. put the crowning point to the capital of his ambition, by presenting him with a cardinal’s hat.

The new bishops were to a man most violent, intolerant, and it may be conscientious, opponents to the wide-spreading doctrines of reform.  The execution of the edicts against heresy was confided to them.  The provincial governors and inferior magistrates were commanded to aid them with a strong arm; and the most unjust and frightful persecution immediately commenced.  But still some of these governors and magistrates, considering themselves not only the officers of the prince, but the protectors of the people, and the defenders of the laws rather than of the faith, did not blindly conform to those harsh and illegal commands.  The Prince of Orange, stadtholder of Holland, Zealand, and Utrecht, and the count of Egmont, governor of Flanders and Artois, permitted no persecutions in those five provinces.  But in various places the very people, even when influenced by their superiors, openly opposed it.  Catholics as well as Protestants were indignant at the atrocious spectacles of cruelty presented on all sides.  The public peace was endangered by isolated acts of resistance, and fears of a general insurrection soon became universal.

The apparent temporizing or seeming uncertainty of the champions of the new doctrines formed the great obstacle to the reformation, and tended to prolong the dreadful struggle which was now only commencing in the Low Countries.  It was a matter of great difficulty to convince the people that popery was absurd, and at the same time to set limits to the absurdity.  Had the change been from blind belief to total infidelity, it would (as in a modern instance) have been much easier, though less lasting.  Men might, in a time of such excitement, have been persuaded that all religion productive of abuses such as then abounded was a farce, and that common sense called for its abolition.  But when the boundaries of belief became a question; when the world was told it ought to reject some doctrines, and retain others which seemed as difficult of comprehension; when one tenet was pronounced idolatry, and to doubt another declared damnation—­the world either exploded or recoiled:  it went too far or it shrank back; plunged into atheism, or relapsed into popery.  It was thus the reformation was checked in the first instance.  Its supporters were the strong-minded and intelligent; and they never, and least of all in those days, formed the mass.  Superstition and bigotry had enervated the intellects of the majority; and the high resolve of those with whom the great work commenced was mixed with a severity that materially