effects.  The same problem confronts us in criminology.  In the society of the future we shall undertake this work of social hygiene, and thereby we shall remove the epidemic forms of criminality.  And nine-tenths of the crimes will then disappear, so that nothing will remain of them but exceptional cases.  There will remain, for instance, such cases as that of the bricklayer which I mentioned, because there may always be accidents, no matter what may be the form of social organization, and nervous disorders may thus appear in certain individuals.  But you can see that these would be exceptional cases of criminality, which will be easily cured under the direction of science, that will be the supreme and beneficent manager of institutes for the segregation of those who will be unfit for social intercourse.  The problem of criminality will thus be solved as far as possible, because the gradual transformation of society will eliminate the swamps in which the miasma of crime may form and breed.

If we wish to apply these standards to an example which today attracts the attention of all Italy to this noble city, if we desire to carry our theories into the practice of contemporaneous life, if science is to respond to the call of life, let us throw a glance at that form of endemic criminality known as the Camorra in this city, which has taken root here just as stabbing affrays have in certain centers of Turin, and the Mafia in certain centers of Sicily.  In the first place, we must not be wilfully blind to facts and refuse to see that the citizens will protect themselves, if social justice does not do so.  And from that to crime there is but a shot step.  But which is the swampy soil in which this social disease can spread and persist like leprosy in tin collective organism?  It is the economic poverty of the masses, which lends to intellectual and moral poverty.

You have lately had in Naples a very fortunate struggle, which seems to have overcome one of the representatives of the high Camorra.  But can we believe that the courageous work of a few public writers has touched the roots of the Camorra in this city?  It would be self-deception to think so.  For we see that plants blossom out again, even after the most destructive hurricane has passed over them.

The healing of society is not so easy, that a collective plague may be cured by the courageous acts of one or more individuals.  The process is much slower and more complicated.  Nevertheless these episodes are milestones of victory in the onward march of civilization, which will paralyze the historical manifestations of social criminality.  Here, then, we have a city in which some hundred thousand people rise every morning and do not know how to get a living, who have no fixed occupation, because there is not enough industrial development to reach that methodical application of labor which lifted humanity out of the prehistoric forests.  Truly, the human race progresses by two uplifting energies:  War and labor.