as teachers, preachers, and missionaries without condition or reward.  They renounced riches, professed absolute poverty, and wandered from village to city barefooted, and subsisting entirely on alms as beggars.  The Dominican friar in his black habit, and the Franciscan in his gray, became the ablest and most effective preachers of the thirteenth century.  The Dominicans confined their teachings to the upper classes, and became their favorite confessors.  They were the most learned men of the thirteenth century, and also the most reproachless in morals.  The Franciscans were itinerary preachers to the common people, and created among them the same religious revival that the Methodists did later in England under the guidance of Wesley.  The founder of the Franciscans was a man who seemed to be “inebriated with love,” so unquenchable was his charity, rapt his devotions, and supernal his sympathy.  He found his way to Rome in the year 1215, and in twenty-two years after his death there were nine thousand religious houses of his Order.  In a century from his death the friars numbered one hundred and fifty thousand.  The increase of the Dominicans was not so rapid, but more illustrious men belonged to this institution.  It is affirmed that it produced seventy cardinals, four hundred and sixty bishops, and four popes.

It was in the palmy days of these celebrated monks, before corruption had set in, that the Dominican Order was recruited with one of the most extraordinary men of the Middle Ages.  This man was Saint Thomas, born 1225 or 1227, son of a Count of Aquino in the kingdom of Naples, known in history as Thomas Aquinas, “the most successful organizer of knowledge,” says Archbishop Trench, “the world has known since Aristotle.”  He was called “the angelical doctor,” exciting the enthusiasm of his age for his learning and piety and genius alike.  He was a prodigy and a marvel of dialectical skill, and Catholic writers have exhausted language to find expressions for their admiration.  Their Lives of him are an unbounded panegyric for the sweetness of his temper, his wonderful self-control, his lofty devotion to study, his indifference to praises and rewards, his spiritual devotion, his loyalty to the Church, his marvellous acuteness of intellect, his industry, and his unparalleled logical victories.  When he was five years of age his father, a noble of very high rank, sent him to Monte Cassino with the hope that he would become a Benedictine monk, and ultimately abbot of that famous monastery, with the control of its vast revenues and patronage.  Here he remained seven years, until the convent was taken and sacked by the soldiers of the Emperor Frederic in his war with the Pope.  The young Aquino returned to his father’s castle, and was then sent to Naples to be educated at the university, living in a Benedictine abbey, and not in lodgings like other students.  The Dominicans and Franciscans held chairs in the university, one of which was filled with a man of