And what was the result?  I need not point to the successive conquests of the Saracens with such a mighty stimulus.  They were loyal to the truth for which they fought.  They never afterwards became idolaters; but their religion was built up on the miseries of nations.  To propagate the faith of Mohammed they overran the world.  Never were conquests more rapid and more terrible.

At first Mohammed’s followers in Medina sallied out and attacked the caravans of Arabia, and especially all belonging to Mecca (the city which had rejected him), until all the various tribes acknowledged the religion of the Prophet, for they were easily converted to a faith which flattered their predatory inclinations and promised them future immunities.  The first cavalcade which entered Medina with spoils made Mussulmans of all the inhabitants, and gave Mohammed the control of the city.  The battle of Moat gave him a triumphal entrance into Mecca.  He soon found himself the sovereign of all Arabia; and when he died, at the age of 63, in the eleventh year after his Hegira, or flight from Mecca, he was the most successful founder of a religion the world has known, next to Buddha.  A religion appealing to truth alone had made only a few converts in thirteen years; a religion which appealed to the sword had made converts of a great nation in eleven years.

It is difficult to ascertain what the private life of the Prophet was in these years of dazzling success.  The authorities differ.  Some represent him as sunk in a miserable sensuality which shortened his days.  But I think this statement may be doubted.  He never lost the veneration of his countrymen,—­and no veneration can last for a man steeped in sensuality.  Even Solomon lost his prestige and popularity when he became vain and sensual.  Those who were nearest to the Prophet reverenced him most profoundly.  With his wife Ayesha he lived with great frugality.  He was kindly, firm in friendship, faithful and tender in his family, ready to forgive enemies, just in decision.  The caliphs who succeeded him, for some time, were men of great simplicity, and sought to imitate his virtues.  He was doubtless warlike and fanatical, but conquests such as he and his successors made are incompatible with luxury and effeminacy.  He stands arraigned at the bar of eternal justice for perverting truth, for blending it with error, for making use of wicked means to accomplish what he deemed a great end.

I have no patience with Mr. Carlyle, great and venerable as is his authority, for seeming to justify Mohammed in assuming the sword.  “I care little for the sword,” says this sophistical writer.  “I will allow a thing to struggle for itself in this world, with any sword or tongue or implement it has or can lay hold on.  What is better than itself it cannot put away, but only what is worse.  In this great life-duel Nature herself is umpire, and can do no wrong,” That is, might makes right; only evil perishes in the conflict of principles; whatever