been their services to civilization.  Most of them have yielded to their great temptations.  But Marcus Aurelius, on the throne of the civilized world, was modest, virtuous, affable, accessible, considerate, gentle, studious, contemplative, stained by novices,—­a model of human virtue.  Hence he is one of the favorite characters of history.  No Roman emperor was so revered and loved as he, and of no one have so many monuments been preserved.  Everybody had his picture or statue in his house.  He was more than venerated in his day, and his fame as a wise and good man has increased with the flight of ages.

This illustrious emperor did not belong to the family of the great Caesar.  That family became extinct with Nero, the sixth emperor.  Like Trajan and Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius derived his remote origin from Spain, although he was born in Rome.  His great-grandfather was a Spaniard, and yet attained the praetorian rank.  His grandfather reached the consulate.  His father died while praetor, and when he himself was a child.  He was adopted by his grandfather Annius Verus.  But his marvellous moral beauty, even as a child, attracted the attention of the Emperor Hadrian, who bestowed upon him the honor of the aequestrian rank, at the age of six.  At fifteen he was adopted by Antoninus Pius, then, as we might say, “Crown Prince.”  Had he been older, he would have been adopted by Hadrian himself.  He thus, a mere youth, became the heir of the Roman world.  His education was most excellent.  From Fronto, the greatest rhetorician of the day, he learned rhetoric; from Herodes Atticus he acquired a knowledge of the world; from Diognotus he learned to despise superstition; from Apollonius, undeviating steadiness of purpose; from Sextus of Chaeronea, toleration of human infirmities; from Maximus, sweetness and dignity; from Alexander, allegiance to duty; from Rusticus, contempt of sophistry and display.  This stoical philosopher created in him a new intellectual life, and opened to him a new world of thought.  But the person to whom he was most indebted was his adopted father and father-in-law, the Emperor Antoninus Pius.  For him he seems to have had the greatest reverence.  “In him,” said he, “I noticed mildness of manner with firmness of resolution, contempt of vain-glory, industry in business, and accessibility of person.  From him I learned to acquiesce in every fortune, to exercise foresight in public affairs, to rise superior to vulgar praises, to serve mankind without ambition, to be sober and steadfast, to be content with little, to be practical and active, to be no dreamy bookworm, to be temperate, modest in dress, and not to be led away by novelties.”  What a picture of an emperor!  What a contrast to such a man as Louis XIV!

We might draw a parallel between Marcus Aurelius and David, when he was young and innocent.  But the person in history whom he most resembled was St. Anselm.  He was a St. Anselm on the throne.  Philosophical meditations seem to have been his delight and recreation; and yet he could issue from his retirement and engage in active pursuits.  He was an able general as well as a meditative sage,—­heroic like David, capable of enduring great fatigue, and willing to expose himself to great dangers.