have become still more corrupted; in the prevailing degeneracy it certainly could not save what was not worth preserving.  The strong grasp which Rome had laid upon the splendors of all the ancient Pagan Civilizations was to be relaxed.  Antiquity had lived out its life.  The empire of the Caesars was doomed.  Retributive justice must march on in its majestic course.  The empire had accomplished its mission; the time came for it to die.  The Sibylline oracle must needs be fulfilled:  “O haughty Rome, the divine chastisement shall come upon thee; fire shall consume thee; thy wealth shall perish; foxes and wolves shall dwell among thy ruins:  and then what land that thou hast enslaved shall be thy ally, and which of thy gods shall save thee?  For there shall be confusion over the face of the whole earth, and the fall of cities shall come.”

* * * * *

AUTHORITIES.

Mr. Merivale has written fully on the condition of the empire.  Gibbon has occasional paragraphs which show the condition of Roman society.  Lyman’s Life of the Emperors should be read, and also DeQuincey’s Lives of the Caesars.  See also Niebuhr, Arnold, Mommsen, and Curtius, though these writers have chiefly confined themselves to republican Rome.  But if one would get the truest and most vivid description, he must read the Roman poets, especially Juvenal and Martial.  The work of Petronius is too indecent to be read.  Ammianus Marcellinus gives us some striking pictures of the later Romans.  Suetonius, in his lives of the Caesars, furnishes many facts.  Becker’s Gallus is a fine description of Roman habits and customs.  Lucian does not describe Roman manners, but he aims his sarcasm at the hollowness of Roman life, as do the great satirists generally.  These can all be had in translations.