4.  The patella, or knee-pan, the two condyles of the tibia, the tubercle on the tibia for the attachment of the ligament of the patella, and the head of the fibula are the chief bony landmarks of the knee.  The head of the fibula lies at the outer and back part of the tibia.  In extension of the knee, the patella is nearly all above the condyles.  The inner border of the patella is thicker and more prominent than the outer, which slopes down toward its condyle.

5.  The short, front edge of the tibia, called the “shin,” and the broad, flat, subcutaneous surface of the bone can be felt all the way down.  The inner edge can be felt, but not so plainly.

6.  The head of the fibula is a good landmark on the outer side of the leg, about one inch below the top of the tibia.  Note that it is placed well back, and that it forms no part of the knee joint, and takes no share in supporting the weight.  The shaft of the fibula arches backwards and is buried deep among the muscles, except at the lower fourth, which can be distinctly felt.

7.  The malleoli form the great landmarks of the ankle.  The outer malleolus descends lower than the inner.  The inner malleolus advances more to the front and does not descend so low as the outer.

8.  The line of the clavicle, or collar bone, and the projection of the joint at either end of it can always be felt.  Its direction is not perfectly horizontal, but slightly inclined downwards.  We can distinctly feel the spine of the scapula and its highest point, the acromion.

9.  Projecting beyond the acromion (the arm hanging by the side), we can feel, through the fibers of the deltoid, the upper part of the humerus.  It distinctly moves under the hand when the arm is rotated.  It is not the head of the bone which is felt, but its prominences (the tuberosities).  The greater, externally; the lesser in front.

10.  The tuberosities of the humerus form the convexity of the shoulder.  When the arm is raised, the convexity disappears,—­there is a slight depression in its place.  The head of the bone can be felt by pressing the fingers high up in the axilla.

11.  The humerus ends at the elbow in two bony prominences (internal and external condyles).  The internal is more prominent.  We can always feel the olecranon.  Between this bony projection of the ulna and the internal condyle is a deep depression along which runs the ulna nerve (commonly called the “funny” or “crazy” bone).

12.  Turn the hand over with the palm upwards, and the edge of the ulna can be felt from the olecranon to the prominent knob (styloid process) at the wrist.  Turn the forearm over with the palm down, and the head of the ulna can be plainly felt and seen projecting at the back of the wrist.

13.  The upper half of the radius cannot be felt because it is so covered by muscles; the lower half is more accessible to the touch.