366.  Bleeding from the Nose.  This is the most frequent and the least dangerous of the various forms of bleeding.  Let the patient sit upright; leaning forward with the head low only increases the hemorrhage.  Raise the arm on the bleeding side; do not blow the nose.  Wring two towels out of cold water; wrap one around the neck and the other properly folded over the forehead and upper part of the nose.

Add a teaspoonful of powdered alum to a cup of water, and snuff it up from the hand.  If necessary, soak in alum water a piece of absorbent cotton, which has been wound around the pointed end of a pencil or penholder; plug the nostril by pushing it up with a twisting motion until firmly lodged.

367.  Burns or Scalds.  Burns or scalds are dangerous in proportion to their extent and depth.  A child may have one of his fingers burned off with less danger to life than an extensive scald of his back and legs.  A deep or extensive burn or scald should always have prompt medical attendance.

In burns by acids, bathe the parts with an alkaline fluid, as diluted ammonia, or strong soda in solution, and afterwards dress the burn.

In burns caused by lime, caustic potash, and other alkalies, soak the parts with vinegar diluted with water; lemon juice, or any other diluted acid.

Remove the clothing with the greatest care.  Do not pull, but carefully cut and coax the clothes away from the burned places.  Save the skin unbroken if possible, taking care not to break the blisters.  The secret of treatment is to prevent friction, and to keep out the air.  If the burn is slight, put on strips of soft linen soaked in a strong solution of baking-soda and water, one heaping table spoonful to a cupful of water.  This is especially good for scalds.

[Illustration:  Fig. 159.—­Dotted Line showing the Course of the Femoral Artery.]

Carron oil is one of the best applications.  It is simply half linseed-oil and half lime-water shaken together.  A few tablespoonfuls of carbolic acid solution to one pint may be added to this mixture to help deaden the pain.  Soak strips of old linen or absorbent cotton in this time-honored remedy, and gently apply.

If carbolized or even plain vaseline is at hand, spread it freely on strips of old linen, and cover well the burnt parts, keeping out the air with other strips carefully laid on.  Simple cold water is better than flour, starch, toilet powder, cotton batting, and other things which are apt to stick, and make an after-examination very painful.

[Illustration:  Fig. 160.—­Showing how Hemorrhage from the Femoral Artery may be arrested by the Use of an Improvised Apparatus (technically called a Tourniquet).]

368.  Frost Bites.  The ears, toes, nose, and fingers are occasionally frozen, or frost-bitten.  No warm air, warm water, or fire should be allowed near the frozen parts until the natural temperature is nearly restored.  Rub the frozen part vigorously with snow or snow-water in a cold room.  Continue this until a burning, tingling pain is felt, when all active treatment should cease.