by a young gentleman returned from his travels, a good old inflexible neighbour in the country said, “he did not see anything he had learnt but to take his broth twice.”  Nay, in our own remembrance, the use of a carving knife was considered as a novelty; and a gentleman of ancient family and good literature used to rate his son, a friend of mine, for introducing such a foppish superfluity.’—­London Mag. 1778, p.199.

[44] See ante, ii. 403.  Johnson, in describing Sir A. Macdonald’s house in Sky, said:—­’The Lady had not the common decencies of her tea-table; we picked up our sugar with our fingers.’ Piozzi Letters, i.138.

[45] Chambers says that ’James’s Court, till the building of the New Town, was inhabited by a select set of gentlemen.  They kept a clerk to record their names and their proceedings, had a scavenger of their own, and had balls and assemblies among themselves.’  Paoli was Boswell’s guest there in 1771. Traditions of Edinburgh, i. 219.  It was burnt down in 1857.  Murray’s Guide to Scotland, ed. 1883, p.49.  Johnson wrote:—­’Boswell has very handsome and spacious rooms, level with the ground on one side of the house, and on the other four stories high.’ Piozzi Letters, i. 109.  Dr. J.H.  Burton says that Hume occupied them just before Boswell.  He continues:—­’Of the first impression made on a stranger at that period when entering such a house, a vivid description is given by Sir Walter Scott in Guy Mannering; and in Counsellor Pleydell’s library, with its collection of books, and the prospect from the window, we have probably an accurate picture of the room in which Hume spent his studious hours.’ Life of Hume, ii. 137, 431.  At Johnson’s visit Hume was living in his new house in the street which was humorously named after him, St. David Street. Ib. p. 436.

[46] The English servant-girl in Humphry Clinker (Letter of July 18), after describing how the filth is thus thrown out, says:—­’The maid calls gardy loo to the passengers, which signifies Lord have mercy upon you!’

[47] Wesley, when at Edinburgh in May, 1761, writes:—­’How can it be suffered that all manner of filth should still be thrown even into this street [High Street] continually?  How long shall the capital city of Scotland, yea, and the chief street of it, stink worse than a common sewer?’ Wesley’s Journal, iii. 52.  Baretti (Journey from London to Genoa, ii.255) says that this was the universal practice in Madrid in 1760.  He was driven out of that town earlier than he had intended to leave it by the dreadful stench.  A few years after his visit the King made a reform, so that it became ‘one of the cleanest towns in Europe.’ Ib. p 258.  Smollett in Humphry Clinker makes Matthew Bramble say (Letter of July 18):—­’The inhabitants of Edinburgh are apt to imagine the disgust that we avow is little better than affectation.’