[35] See ante, iv. 15.

[36] The term John Bull came into the English language in 1712, when Dr. Arbuthnot wrote The History of John Bull.

[37] Boswell in three other places so describes Johnson.  See ante, i.129, note 3.

[38] See ante, i.467.

[39] ‘All nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues.’ Rev. vii.9.

[40] See ante, ii. 376

[41] In Cockburn’s Life of Jeffrey, i.157, there is a description of Edinburgh, towards the close of the century, ’the last purely Scotch age that Scotland was destined to see.  Almost the whole official state, as settled at the Union, survived; and all graced the capital, unconscious of the economical scythe which has since mowed it down.  All our nobility had not then fled.  The lawyers, instead of disturbing good company by professional matter, were remarkably free of this vulgarity; and being trained to take difference of opinion easily, and to conduct discussions with forbearance, were, without undue obtrusion, the most cheerful people that were to be met with.  Philosophy had become indigenous in the place, and all classes, even in their gayest hours, were proud of the presence of its cultivators.  And all this was still a Scotch scene.  The whole country had not begun to be absorbed in the ocean of London.  According to the modern rate of travelling [written in 1852] the capitals of Scotland and of England were then about 2400 miles asunder.  Edinburgh was still more distant in its style and habits.  It had then its own independent tastes, and ideas, and pursuits.’  Scotland at this time was distinguished by the liberality of mind of its leading clergymen, which was due, according to Dr. A. Carlyle (Auto. p 57), to the fact that the Professor of Theology under whom they had studied was ‘dull and Dutch and prolix.’  ‘There was one advantage,’ he says, ’attending the lectures of a dull professor—­viz., that he could form no school, and the students were left entirely to themselves, and naturally formed opinions far more liberal than those they got from the Professor.’

[42] Chambers (Traditions of Edinburgh, ed. 1825, ii.297) says that ’the very spot which Johnson’s armchair occupied is pointed out by the modern possessors.’  The inn was called ‘The White Horse.’  ’It derives its name from having been the resort of the Hanoverian faction, the White Horse being the crest of Hanover.’  Murray’s Guide to Scotland, ed. 1867, p. 111.

[43] Boswell writing of Scotland says:—­’In the last age it was the common practice in the best families for all the company to eat milk, or pudding, or any other dish that is eat with a spoon, not by distributing the contents of the dish into small plates round the table, but by every person dipping his spoon into the large platter; and when the fashion of having a small plate for each guest was brought from the continent