and calls God to witness that he is faithful in the performance of his part.  This is ape’s earnest, and is, perhaps, the largest piece of waste that ever takes place upon this earth. Ape’s earnest,—­it is a pit that swallows whole nations, whole ages; and the extent to which it may be carried is wellnigh incredible, even with the fact before our eyes.  A Chinese gentleman spends an hour in imploring a relative to dine with him,—­utterly refusing, so urgent is his desire of company, to accept No for an answer,—­and then flies into a rage because the cousin commits the faux pas of yielding to his importunity, and agreeing to dine.  Louis Napoleon perpetrates the king-joke of the century by solemnly presenting the Russian Czar with a copy of Thomas a Kempis’s “Imitation of Christ,”—­a book whose great inculcation is to renounce the world!

Now no sooner do men lose hold upon fact than they inevitably begin to wither.  They resemble a tree drawn with all its roots from the earth; the juices already imbibed may sustain it awhile, but with every passing day will sustain it less.  If Louis Napoleon is so removed from conversation with reality as not to perceive the colossal satire implied in his gift, it will soon require more vigor than he possesses to keep astride the Gallic steed.  That Chinese etiquette explains the condition of the Chinese nation.  Indeed, it is easy to give a recipe for mummying men alive.  Take one into keeping, prescribe everything, thoughts, actions, manners, so that he never shall find either permission or opportunity to ask his own intellect, What is true? nor his own heart, What is right? nor to consider within himself what is intrinsically good and worthy of a man; and if he does not rebel, you will make him as good a mummy as Egyptian catacombs can boast.

The capital art of life is to renew and augment your power by its expenditure.  It was intimated some eighteen centuries since that the highest are obtained only by loss of the same; and the transmutation of loss into gain is the essence and perfection of all spiritual economies.  Now of this art of arts he is already master who steadily draws upon his own spiritual resources.  The soul is an extraordinary well; the way to replenish is to draw from it.  It is more miraculous than the widow’s cruse;—­that simply continued unexhausted,—­never less, indeed, but also never more; while from this the more you take, the more remains in it.  Were it, therefore, desired to arrange with forethought a scheme of life that should afford the highest invigoration, in such scheme there should be the minimum of prescription, and nothing be so sedulously avoided as the superseding of inward and active principles by outward and passive rules;—­that is, life would be made as much moral and spontaneous, as little political and mechanical, as possible.